Integrated Management

Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, IITA-Nigeria

Fen Beed, IITA-Tanzania

Peter Cotty, USDA-ARS

Kola Masha, Doreo PartnersBreakout Session 4 on Food Security

Science Forum 2013Nutrition and health outcomes: targets for agricultural

research, 23‒25 September 2013, Bonn, Germany

Elements of Integrated Management• Awareness – entire range of value chain actors

• Advocacy – continental (PACA), regional, national, investors

• Technology

• Training – farmers, transporters, traders, regulators, consumers

• Policies – standards, harmonization, trade

• Institutions – regulators, markets, testing, private sector

• Trade / Markets – food/feed processors, poultry/fish industry

• Public good – home consumption; urban and rural markets; WFP, HGSF

Agriculture Based Prevention of Aflatoxin-related Food Security and Health Effects

• Pre-harvest

– Resistant cultivars, if available

– Biological control, e.g., aflasafe

– Irrigation and water conservation practices

• Post-harvest

– Sorting

– Insect control

– Improved drying and storage

– Food/feed processing methods

– Alternative uses including blending

www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium

Resistant, High-Yielding Hybrids

334 396 400 488800 809 816 956

5474 5671

64386087

5685

7115

6040 5891 57435662

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

Hybrids

Aflatoxin (ppb)Grain yield (kg/ha)

Afl

ato

xin

(pp

b)

Gra

in y

ield

(kg

/ha)

Stability of field performance?Kernel Screening Assay

5

Awareness and training

• Aflatoxin is a hidden problem

• Chemical analysis required

• Awareness is low

• Long incubation for expression of health impacts

• Regulations either non-existent or poorly enforced

• Market does not usually discriminate

• Demonstration of product value – health & income

• Lack of biopesticide manufacturers

• Too many components in integrated management –

some are not special for aflatoxin management

Risks / Challenges

Dr Akin Adesina

Policy Statement:

Honourable Minister of Agriculture, Nigeria

“All parties involved, led by IITA and

the government, have critical roles to

ensure that Aflasafe treated food

crops are successfully introduced into

the market in the next 5 years”

Strategic Plan to Drive Sustainability Leverage Strong Regulatory Enforcement to Sustain Premium Market for Aflasafe maize

8

1Year

2 3 4 5

PACA and Pull MechanismGenerate Supply of Cost Effective Low

Aflatoxin Maize

Enforce Regulatory Policy

Enable Market Forces to Drive Sustainability

Promote Health Awareness to Value

Chain Actors

Policy: Build

Regulators Capacity

Policy: Develop

regulatory framework

Policy: Phased in regulatory enforcement mechanism

Market Forces

Health Awareness: Farmer Focus

Health Awareness: Industry Focus

Health Awareness: End Consumer

1

2

3

4

Pilot Implementation

• Value chain-centric: Farmers’

interest as the foundation of the

action

• Action-oriented: Using practical

methods to actively solve

problems, not just talking about

ideas, plans, or theories

• Innovation platform: problem

solving through actors working

regularly together to address

issues and common challenges.

www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium

Markets for Aflasafe

Doreo Partner analysis

Poultry industry

Export-oriented aggregators

Food processors

Large commercial farmers

Smallholder farmers

Market based

• Poultry feed

• Premium food market

AgResults (Incentive-cum-market based)

Growth Enhancement Scheme?

mar

ket

dem

and

fo

r A

flas

afe

• 60% maize consumed by farmers• 40% sold in the market

Poultry Feeding Study

$3,200 net profit from 10,000 birds in 8 weeks

www.iita.orgMycored Europe, 28 May, 2013A member of CGIAR consortium

Aflasafe maize feed Toxic maize feed

Innovation Platform

• Platform meetings with

leadership and members of

Poultry Association of

Nigeria, feed manufacturers,

maize aggregators, aflasafe

farmers, vet professionals

and regulators

• Poultry farmers to buy all

aflasafe maize at a negotiated

premium

• Agriculture ministry to fund

NAFDAC to set up aflatoxin

testing facilities in each state

www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium

Willingness to Pay

www.iita.orgMycored Europe, 28 May, 2013A member of CGIAR consortium

100%99%

83%

60%

25%

19%

34%31%

18%

12%

5% 4%0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

$0 $3 - $6 $6 -$9 $9 - $12 $12 - $15 $15 - $19 $20

Farmers who have used Aflasafe (n=246) Farmers who have not used Aflasafe (n=119)

Target Farm Gate Price Range

• All prior-users willing to pay; almost 50% non-users willing to pay

• Prior-users willing to pay more than non-users Source: G. Okpachu & T. Abdoulaye

Farm gate price: $15.6/ha

www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium

Aflasafe Plan & Plant

Capacity: 5 tons/hour

www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium

Product Types

National Products

Products ready for registration

Products under testing

Strain development in progress

Aflasafe-NigeriaTM

Aflasafe-SenegalTM

Aflasafe-KenyaTM etc…Aflasafe-WestTM

Aflasafe-EastTM

Aflasafe-SouthTM

Regional Products

SenegalMali

Burkina

Ghana

Nigeria

Kenya

Tanzania

Mozambique

Zambia

Babban Gona Pilot

www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium

• Smallholder farmers’ cooperative with professional

management

• Credit, inputs and technical services

• Yield enhancing practices

• Aflatoxin awareness

• Aflasafe use

• Aflatoxin testing – 100% met standard

• Incentive for meeting aflatoxin standard

• Warehousing

• Output marketing – linking to market

• Return profit after sale

• Farmers keep part of the harvest for family use

G-20 AgResults Aflasafe

www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium

• Pull mechanism – Aflasafe is one of the first three pilots

• Provides incentives after demonstrating adoption

• Private sector driven, but focused on smallholder groups

• Implementers provide credit, inputs and technical services to

increase yield

• Aflasafe purchased at cost to improve quality

• Maize tested for aflasafe strains; if present in large frequency,

the implementers incentivized with $18.75/ton maize

• Implementers negotiate maize sale at premium

• Project provides aflatoxin awareness, training of

implementers, and identifies potential market linkages

• Target: 200,000 ha in 4 years

Likelihood of success

• Has the potential of reducing aflatoxin levels

by up to 95% or more

• Biocontrol by itself can reduce toxin levels by

more than 80%

• Other technical approaches can perform

supportive functions

BUT

• Success will be determined how well policy

and institutional frameworks are

implemented

Partners• Who is, needs to be, involved to make this research get to

scale

Return on Investment• Nigeria and Senegal major groundnut exporters in

1960s. Compliance has economic incentives

• Senegal:.

• Increased export volume and price differential would

annually add $281 million value to groundnut export.

• For confectionary groundnut, adherence to Good

Management Practices would increase export value

by US$ 45 million annually.

• Best quality exported; poorer quality consumed

domestically.

• Biocontrol: ROI – 5 to 25 times for cancer reduction.

167,000 DALYs could be saved.

• More work needed

World Bank; Mbaye (2004)

Peanut

Maize

Coffee

Cocoa

Groundnut Pyramids in Nigeria during 1960sPyramids in Egypt?

Punch Line

• Impact of aflatoxins have several development dimensions:

– post-harvest losses, nutrition, health, crops,

livestock, fish, trade, markets, policies, institutions

and politics

• Reduction of aflatoxin will improve human health, increase

farm income, improve profitability of animal industries,

increase regional and international trade, and reputation of

African products in global markets