View
1.296
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
A presentation made by Mark Kozak-Holland On 13th November in Bristol On 20th November in Leeds On 21st November in Basingstoke
Citation preview
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Dedicated to Sagan’s 50 and others
Presentation at APM South Wales and West of England branch November 13th, 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland BSc (Hons), PMP, IPMA-D, Cert.APM
“Lessons From the Past that Assist the Projects of Today to Shape the World of Tomorrow”
www.lessons-from-history.com
http://www.thegreatescapememorialproject.com/
Project Lessons from the Great Escape (Stalag Luft III)
New publication from the lessons-from-history series
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 2 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Incredible story of mass escape of Allied PoWs from Stalag Luft III in March 1944. Today we can learn from this project.
How it was originated and developed?
How complex problems were solved?
How it was managed and implemented?
Its outcome based on events in March 1944?
Please prepare questions for the end.
This presentation is the property of Mark Kozak-Holland
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 3 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Table of contents
1. Background
2. Problems
3. APM BOK
4. Solutions
5. Timeline to Escape
6. Post Mortem
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 4 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
The defeated PM - what excuse is it today?
Intimidating scope
No resources
Time constraints
Uncoordinated team
Too many problems
Unclear objectives
Hostile groups trying to close project
No executive sponsor
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 5 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Imagine life as Allied Airman shot down during World War II, in a Prisoner of War (PoW) camp.
Bailing out
– Hostile population
Captured by Luftwaffe
– Interrogation
– Monitored by Gestapo
Behind barbed wire
– No outside news
Scrutinized 24 hours a day
– Continuous surveillance
– No privacy
– Communications censored
Length in captivity
– 1940-1944
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 6 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Consider the living conditions as a PoW
Climate
– -25C to +25C
Daily calorie intake
– Rec. 3,000, actual 1,500 - 1,900
• Breakfast – 2 slices of bread, jam, ersatz coffee
• Lunch - Watery soup
• Dinner – 2 slices of bread
Daily regime
– Roll call twice, morning and night
– Boredom
Hygene
– Cold water only
– Fleas lice, scabies, and bed bugs
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 7 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Living conditions as a PoW were grueling to harsh
No extra clothing
Living space
– 600 PoWs, 60 acres.
– 1 heater/hut – 1 coal lump/person
Cooler
– 5-15 days, harassment and beatings
Diseases
– 40% - Upper Respiratory
– 20% - War wounds (fractures)
– 10% - Gastrointestinal
– 10% - Skin
– 10% - Diphtheria
– 10% - Other
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 8 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
So what were the options for individual POWs, some imprisoned for 4 years.
Lessons for
today – weigh
up the
options.
Wait war out
– Atrocious conditions
– Hope right side wins
– Hope Gestapo don’t call
– Psychological stress
Try and escape
– Wage war
– Give men hope
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 9 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
There were short and long term benefits in organizing an escape.
Lessons for today – clearly state short and long term organizational benefits
Camp population:
– 25% escapers (5% dedicated), 75% support
Short term:
– Occupy men, give goal, restore confidence in leaders
Long term:
– Psychological battle, tie down enemy resources
– Expand war, demoralize enemy
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 10 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Table of contents
1. Background
2. Problems
3. APM BOK
4. Solutions
5. Timeline to Escape
6. Post Mortem
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 11 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
There were almost insurmountable problems and constraints that needed to be prioritized and overcome.
Civilian clothing strictly forbidden
Foreign language
No documents, passes
Limited currency
Lessons for today – clearly state
organizational challenges
Snooping “ferrets”
No where to hide
Few raw materials
No equipment or tools
Erratic food/ fuel supply
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 12 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
The first problem preventing escape was location and unknown outside world.
Distance to Sweden, Switzerland, Spain
Hermetically sealed from communities
Pine forest, sandy soil
Lessons for today – assess geographic constraints
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 13 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
The second problem preventing escape were prowling enemy guards.
Guards or “Goons”
– Changed frequently, old or wounded
– 12 guards wandering the compound
Lessons for today – assess constraints
Ferrets
– Intelligence escape specialists
– Enter any time, search no warning
– English-speaking
– Tunneling allowed to continue
Lessons for today – assess organizational constraints
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 14 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
The third problem preventing escape were physical barriers around camp.
Search towers, flood lights
Trip wire, shoot zone
Double barbed-wire fences
Huts stilts
Seismographs - 33 feet
Lessons for today – assess the physical constraints
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 15 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
The fourth problem preventing escape was going incognito in the outside world.
Language and culture
Going unnoticed disguises
No public sympathy, “terror flyers”
No currency
Lessons for today – assess the
cultural constraints
Kugel Erlass (bullet decree)
immediate execution
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 16 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
The fifth problem preventing escape was survival in harsh environment and climate, summer was escape season.
November to March
snow
Access to water,
food, and shelter
Lessons for today –
assess the survival
constraints
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 17 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
The sixth problem preventing escape was access to transportation to get to a neutral country and safety.
Transport Distance
/day miles
Security
checks
Move
ment
Problems Risk
Foot 10-15 Only on roads Night Finding shelter Low
Train 100s Moderate Day Disguise scrutinized; currency Med
Bike 20-60 Few, on roads Day Finding bike to steal Med
Motor vehicle 100s Few, on roads Day Fuel; once reported stolen High
Lessons for today – assess implementation constraints
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 18 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Table of contents
1. Background
2. Problems
3. APM BOK
4. Solutions
5. Timeline to Escape
6. Post Mortem
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 19 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Lessons for today “Planning the Strategy” With tight security escape was thought impossible.
In April 1943 PoWs were moved to the new North Compound.
An intact “Escape Committee” moved in (Stakeholder Management)
Lessons from previous escapes
Escapes:
1. Well planned and organized
2. Well executed
3. Change managed
Beat many complex problems
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 20 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
When the escape committee started to plan their escape they were instigating a project of a monumental scale.
Equivalent to Project Management Plan
Feasibility
– Idea, approach, proposal, ROI
– Checkpoint 1- assess risk, resources
Planning and Design
– High level plan
– Preparation for escape
Production
– Preparation of Tunnel
– Engineering
– Construction and testing
– Checkpoint 2 - Assess risk
Implementation and Startup
– Implement escape
– Checkpoint 3 - Assess risk
– Collect metrics and determine success
– Consider rerun (reuse)
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 21 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
At Checkpoint 1 the escape committee was faced with the conundrum of Return on Investment and project scope.
Lessons for today “Value Management”
Approach to
escape
# of
escapees
Description Example Resources
required
Risk of
Discovery
Unplanned
opportunistic
1 - 2 Take advantage of presented
situation
Hide in back of a
truck
Low Low
Planned, used
once only
1 - 3 Escape route exposed Cutting through
wire
Med Low
Planned, reused
several
1 - 10 Escape route preserved, mass
escape over period
Tunnel Med High
Planned, used
once only
Up to 250 Escape route exposed Tunnel High High
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 22 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
The escape committee assessed project risks (qualitative and quantitative) and modified project plans to accommodate it.
Hiding project
– From nosy ferrets on danger list
Discovery of tunnel
– Multiple tunnels built in parallel
Good enough POW disguise
– Plausible role
Escape through tunnel
– Without detection
Getting away from camp Geneva Convention
– Not in uniform shot
Traveling distances
– Forged passes & money.
Survival in open
Lessons for today “Project Risk Management” and “Health and Safety”
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 23 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
The escape committee realized that mistakes were intolerable. One slip up would give the game away.
Concealing tunnel entrance
Tunnel construction, secretly & safely
Forged documents scrutinized
Clothing - meld wearer
Lessons for today “Project Quality
Management”, determine where
quality is critical
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 24 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Once out the POWs depended with their lives on disguises and documents.
Forged documents scrutinized
Clothing - meld wearer
Lessons for today “Project Quality
Management”, determine where
quality is critical in project
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland
Lessons for today “Executing the Strategy” Utilize hard-won experience acquired by POWs
Scope carefully considered and its constraints
Scope of tunnels
– Number was determined by the number of concrete
foundations available and the risk of discovery
– Depth and length determined by distance from camp to woods
and available tunnel shoring materials
Scope of intelligence and security required
– Six guards were wandering around in the compound
– Number of escapers that could get through tunnel in given
night
25 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Lessons for today “Scope Management”- Philosophy reduce scope were
possible
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 26 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
The escape committee evaluated the activities, their sequencing, resources, duration and schedule.
Primary Activities
1. Tunnel (engineering & sand dispersal)
2. Preparing escapers
Time construct tunnel, constraints:
– Manpower available
– Impact of seasons, climate
Lessons for today “Scheduling”
Time to prepare escapers:
– Profiles – language, responses
– Identities, documents
– Disguises, clothes
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 27 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
The escape committee created project teams to overcome the various problems based on available skill sets.
Lessons for today – pick your project team with care, “Resource Management”
Compass
factory
Big X
Escape
Committee
X Organisation
Equipment &
tool making
Tunnel
engineering
Intelligence
gathering
Internal
security Dispersals
Document
production
Dispersal
diversions
Map
making
Clothing
production
Cultural
trainingSupplies
Professions, Trades and Skill Sets in the Camp
Miners, Forgers, Tailors, Carpenters, Physicists and Geologists,
Engineers, Surveillance Experts, Electricians, Tinsmiths
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 28 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
The escape committee evaluated available resources (Cost Estimating – Labor, Cost Budgeting, Cost Control)
Food and parcels
– Not seen in Germany
– Relatives sent 1 parcel/man/week or month.
– International Red Cross:
• Clothes, shave/wash kits, food.
– Captured officers paid
Lessons for today “Budgeting and Cost Management”
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 29 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
The escape committee communicated the plan to other PoWs to get buy-in and active participation in the project.
Compliance, adoption, communication plans
Adoption plan sell camp
– Contribute & support
Incredible level of trust existed
– Impeccable security
Lessons for today
“Communication”
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 30 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
The escape committee procured resources like tools and raw materials essential to the project.
Liberating wire for tunnel
lights
Visit of high ranking General
Food and tobacco part of
procurement
Lessons for today “Procurement”
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 31 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Table of contents
1. Background
2. Problems
3. APM BOK
4. Solutions
5. Timeline to Escape
6. Post Mortem
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 32 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Solution to the unknown (problem 1) required Intelligence gathering
Befriend guards German speakers
Rope in first time
Blackmail many times
– Some cooperative, railway
timetables, maps, & official papers
Bushell monitors progress
Kommendant provides camera &
film
Lessons for today – assess all options
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 33 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Solution to location (problem 1) required map making capability based on intelligence gathered
Team forged maps
– Rice paper, sewn into uniforms.
– Mimeograph
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 34 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Solution to prowling Guards, Goons and Ferrets (problem 2) required sophisticated internal security
"Duty Pilot" system
Security system "stooging"
“Stool pigeons” 2 witness
Inter-camp semaphore
Lessons for today – leverage organizational intelligence where possible
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 35 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Solution to physical barriers (problem 3) required equipment and tool making capability.
Manufacturing
– Spades, blades, knives, hacksaws
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 36 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Solution to physical barriers (problem 3) required tunnel preparation and engineering.
Tunnel size width 2’
Required huge number of physical
resources.
– 4,000 bedboards; 1,370 beading battens;
1,699 blankets; 161 pillow cases; 635
palliasses; 34 chairs; 52 20-man tables; 90
double tier bunks; 1,219 knives; 478 spoons;
30 shovels;
– 1,000 ft electric wire; 600 ft rope; 192 bed
covers; 3,424 towels; 1,212 bed bolsters; 10
single tables; 76 benches; 246 water cans;
582 forks; 69 lamps.
Tunneling crude tools.
Sand dispersal 'Penguins’.
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 37 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Solution to going incognito (problem 4) required a document production unit known as "Dean and Dawson" (travel agents).
Official stamps, papers changed often
Forged papers (over 400) :
– Passports (studio), permission on Wehrmacht property, military leave pass
– foreign workers returning home,
– general identity card, visa, currency,
– pass and temporary pass.
Weeks to reproduce:
– Hand stenciled.
– Official stamps rubber heels.
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 38 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Solution to going incognito (problem 4) required the production of clothing
Civilian clothing forbidden
Military uniforms cobbled together
Escapees carried aircrew badges secretly
Conversion of uniforms
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 39 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Solution to survival (problem 5) required survival rations
"Foodacco" - collective bargaining and bartering
Food hoarded for escape
Baked iron rations
Canisters
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 40 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Solution to access to transportation (problem 6) required profiling PoWS.
Train travel to Suitcase brigade
1. German-speakers
2. Experienced escapers
3. Greatest contributors
Foot travel for “Hard-arsers" or Blanket brigade
– Hide day “foot-slog by night”.
– Rudimentary false papers & identities.
Business travelers or foreign workers
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 41 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Table of contents
1. Background
2. Problems
3. APM BOK
4. Solutions
5. Timeline to Escape
6. Post Mortem
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 42 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Robs US airmen chance to escape.
'Dick' abandoned.
– Ideal for clothing, contraband, workshop.
Bushell put entire effort into "Tom."
Skills transfer to US airmen.
July 1943 – construction on new camp starts
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 43 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
August 1943 - As tunnel reached perimeter fence trees were cleared
Microphones detecters pick up activity.
Guards believed tunnel near completion.
Traces of tunnel sand spotted in gardens.
Five hour search of Hut 123 found nothing.
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 44 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Intelligence alerted Bushell - 2,000 bed boards
plundered before count, and hidden down Dick.
Dick - clothing, contraband, manufacturer
workshop.
September 1943 - Tom discovered at 85 m, only 16m short of completion. Guards surprised at its scale
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 45 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
October – December 1943 - Tunnelling stopped. activities switch away
Equipment and tool making capability.
Compass Factory.
POWs moved around in job reshuffle.
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 46 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Surplus sand into 'Dick'. Solution in theatre.
Tunnel (336 foot) with miner’s rail, electric lights, air ventilation
January 1944 - nervous about discovery of the project Bushell restarted Harry. However, project showstopper was SAND
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 47 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Feb, 1944 – Ferret take 19 top suspects and 6 key men to Stalag VIIIC at Belaria
• Bushell taken off list
• Deputies took over
• Project tracking and managing change to accommodate risk
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 48 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
March 1944 - Ideal conditions required for a night escape but debate whether to go
Four conditions Bushell wanted:
– No moon
– A wind to disguise noises
– Good weather
– No ferrets around
Next moonless nights March 23/24/25.
25th Saturday - poor train tables,
No trains Sunday.
Arguments to postpone to April and better weather.
Harry would not survive wet month of April.
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 49 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
March 23, 1944 - Day before, Bushell re-emphasizes objectives with "Wings" Day and determines to go ahead with escape.
“The weather’s going to be bloody awful, and will probably
get worse. 90% of the hardarsers will run into deep snow in
the mountains…[but it]…Doesn’t matter. It will give the Nazis
an almighty shock. 200 looney escape artists roaring around
the countryside.”
– Conversation between Roger Bushell, and Wings Day prior to
the escape.
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 50 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
March 24, 1944 – Day of escape
POW
congregate in
Hut 104
9:45 -
Problems in
breakout
Frozen trap
door
Clever
improvisation
to continue
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 51 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
In the Implementation and startup things started to go badly wrong
10:30 First out from suitcase brigade
00:00 1 hour air raid
01:30 Tunnel cave in
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 52 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
The passage of escapers greatly slowed
03:00 Blanket brigade begins
03:30 Word sent back, 100 could escape
Expected throughput 60/hour, actual 12/hour.
04:55 - 76 escapers were out
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 53 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Breakout and escapers get away
Escaper at exit
mixed up
signals
emerged under
guard
Men in tunnel
returned to Hut
104
Burned false
papers ate
rations
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 54 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Best chance was for suitcase brigade
Station 1 mile from camp
Many escapers could not find station,
missed trains.
At dawn many POWs still on the platform,
ignoring each other.
Bushell awaited the 3:30am service to
Breslau and arrived 5:00am.
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 55 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Who got where? 76 of 250 got out. Many escapers could not find station, missed trains. 3 got to neutral country, "home run"
Norwegians (2) reach Sweden
Dutchman reaches Gibraltar via France /Spain (3.5 months).
~50 men caught within few miles
15 men escape to free territory but got caught
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 56 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Table of contents
1. Background
2. Problems
3. APM BOK
4. Solutions
5. Timeline to Escape
6. Post Mortem
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 57 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Was the project a success?
Pros
– Massive disruption, million men looking
– Hitler outraged, diversion to war
Cons
– Too few got out and away
– 50 captured and executed
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 58 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Lessons learned – the positives from the project
Limited material resources
– Everything saved
Decentralized organization
– 600 men were engaged
High performance team
– Committed to cause
Lessons for today – nothing is
impossible
Ad hoc group used diverse talents
Extraordinarily difficult task
– Adverse circumstances
Problems solved
– Continuous innovation
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 59 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Lessons learned downside - Airmen - Australia, Canada, France, Greece, Holland, Norway, Poland, South Africa, &UK
No rerun
– Poor ROI, massive investment
Attention to implementation
– Priority to greatest contributors
– March best month?
– Many escapers drew attention?
No withdrawal plan
– Tunnel too short
– No stopping
– Emotions unchecked, desire to get out
Effective Project Management?
Lessons for today – pay attention to all phases of project
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 60 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Lessons learned – Too much focus on the tunnel and its construction
Project Objectives
– Clear at outset, unclear in hindsight
– Game or sport
WWII 30 of 10,000 RAF airmen reached safety.
17% of PoWs died in German camps.
Escapes more dangerous but continued.
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 64 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Questions
Presentation available on-line
Mark available to work with you and your organization (PMs and Executives),
speak or run workshops.
http://www.lessons-from-history.com/
Sign up for lessons-from-history newsletter (subscribe/unsubscribe).
Twitter @LessonsfromHist
You tube – ProjectLessons
http://ca.linked.com/in/markkozakholland
Skype name - mark.kozak.holland
Email: [email protected]
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland
Lessons-from-History is a series of publications for today’s business world, established in 2001.
Our authors are from the business world
but, with a deep passion for history.
The authors are highly experienced and
working project managers, consultants,
business analysts.
This combination of business and history
provides a deeper understanding of
challenges faced by today's business.
65 Lessons From History Overview www.lessons-from-history.com
Mark
Kozak-
Holland
John J.
Byrne
Paul R.
Bruno
Michael
Dobson
Ian
Hughes Glen
LeClair
Bob
Lerner
Joe
Luttrell
Jerry
Manas
Ranjit
Sidhu
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 66 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Get signed copies, SPECIAL DISCOUNT of 30% (business receipt, checks, credit cards).
Value proposition - 100’s of best practices, implemented save 1000’s of dollars
“This book and others by Mark Kozak-Holland are a tremendous resource for educators-the stark reality of failed projects and Mark’s detailed research, historical accuracy, and the link to the BOK, helps us to analyze and understand we are not alone in managing our complex projects today. The incredible resourcefulness and bravery of these men gives us hope on our own troubled projects.
Linda F. Desmond, PMP, Project Management Trainer/Consultant President of Mass Bay Chapter, PMI
Also available at
http://www.mmpubs.com/books-LFH.html
Or call 1-866-721-1540
www.lessons-from-history.com
Please contact Mark:
£10
© 2013 Mark Kozak-Holland 67 Project Lessons from the Great Escape www.lessons-from-history.com
Credits and Sources
http://www.historyinfilm.com/escape/real1.htm
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/greatescape/
http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1778.html
http://www.b24.net/pow/stalag3.htm
http://www.afhi.org/museum/stalag/escape.html
http://www.elsham.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/gt_esc/
http://www.au.af.mil/au/goe/eaglebios/84bios/stok84.htm
http://www.inyourpocket.com/poland/poznan/en/feature?id=4326
http://www.pegasus-one.org/pow/pSL_3
http://www.simonsays.com/content/book.cfm?sid=33&pid=508729
The Great Escape, by Paul Brickhill
The Longest Tunnel, by Alan Burgess