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1
Mobile Networking
Prof. Jean-Pierre Hubaux
http://mobnet.epfl.ch
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About this course
The course is about the system aspects of mobile networking Therefore, it covers:
- networking issues (MAC, network and transport layers, principally)- wireless security/privacy issues- estimation of network capacity and resource management
It does not cover:radio propagation modelsmodulation and equalization techniquessource or channel codingspeech coding or other signal processing aspectssoftware-centric aspects (e.g., operating systems, mobile agents)
It is focused on mechanisms, and avoids a detailed (and boring) description of standards
However, it does propose an insight on IEEE 802.11 Acronyms...
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Web site
http://mobnet.epfl.ch/
Of particular relevance:- Calendar- Material (all slides used at the lectures, homeworks,…)- Previous exams
Contact person: Mr Julien Freudiger
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Textbooks
http://www.inf.fu-berlin.de/inst/ag-tech/resources/mobkom/mobile_communications.htm
Recommended:
- J. Schiller: Mobile Communications, Second Edition Addison-Wesley, 2004
- W. Stallings: Wireless Communications & Networks, Second Edition, Prentice Hall, 2005
http://www.WilliamStallings.com/Wireless/Wireless2e.html
Mandatory:
N. Vaidya: Wireless Networks. Book draft,available at the « Vente des cours », EPFL
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Module A – Introduction(Part A1)
Wireless communication and mobility Aspects of mobility:
user mobility: users communicate “anytime, anywhere, with anyone”device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to the
network
Wireless vs. mobile Examples stationary computer (desktop) notebook in a hotel wireless LANs in historic buildings Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
The demand for mobile communication creates the need for integration of wireless networks or mobility mechanisms into existing fixed networks:telephone network cellular telephony (e.g., GSM)local area networks Wireless LANs (e.g., IEEE 802.11)Internet Mobile IP
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Examples of applications (1/2)
Person to person communication (e.g., voice, SMS) Person to server (e.g., timetable consultation, telebanking) Vehicles
position via GPSlocal ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents,
guidance system, adaptive cruise controltransmission of news, road condition, weather, music via Digital Audio
Broadcastingvehicle data (e.g., from buses, trains, aircrafts) transmitted for
maintenance Disaster situations
replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes, hurricanes, fire etc.
Military networks
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Typical application: road traffic
ad ho
cGSM, UMTSTETRA, ...
http://ivc.epfl.chhttp://www.sevecom.org
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Examples of applications (2/2)
Traveling salespeopledirect access to customer files stored in a central locationconsistent databases for all agentsmobile office
Replacement of fixed networksSensorstrade shows networksLANs in historic buildings
Entertainment, education, ...outdoor Internet access travel guide with up-to-date
location dependent informationad-hoc networks for
multi user gamesLocation-dependent advertising
Built
150BC
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Location dependent services
Location aware serviceswhat services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist in the
local environment
Follow-on servicesautomatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual
workspace to the current location
Information services„push“: e.g., current special offers in the shop nearby
„pull“: e.g., where is the closest Migros?
Support servicescaches, intermediate results, state information etc. „follow“ the
mobile device through the fixed network
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iPhone
Quad band GSM (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz)
GPRS/EDGE
Tri band UMTS/HSDPA (850, 1900, 2100 MHz)
GPS + accelerometers
WiFi (802.11b/g)
Bluetooth 2.0+EDR
Modern mobile phones
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Wireless enabled devices
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Satellite Communications
BTCC-45 Bluetooth GPS Receiver
Global Positioning System (GPS)Orbit altitude: approx. 20,200 km
Frequency: 1575.42 MHz (L1)Bit-rate: 50 bps
CDMA
Iridium 9505A Satellite Phone
Iridium Satellite
Supports 1100 concurrent phone callsOrbit altitude: approx. 780 km
Frequency band: 1616-1626.5 MHzRate: 25 kBdFDMA/TDMA
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WiMAX GP3500-12 omnidirectional antenna
Frequency band: 3400-3600 MHzGain: 12 dBi
Impendence: 50 Power rating: 10 Watt
Vertical beamwidth: 10
WiMAX PA3500-18 directional antennaFrequency band: 3200-3800 MHz
Gain: 12 dBiImpendence: 50
Power rating: 10 WattVertical beamwidth: 17
Horizontal beamwidth: 20
Wireless “Last Mile”: WiMax
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IEEE 802.15.4 Chipcon Wireless TransceiverFrequency band: 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz
Data rate: 250 kbpsRF power: -24 dBm to 0 dBm
Receive Sensitivity: -90 dBm (min), -94 dBm (typ)Range (onboard antenna): 50m indoors / 125m ourdoors
TelosB Sensor Mote
MicaZ
Imote2
Wireless sensors
Iris Mote
Cricket Mote
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RFID tag
SDI 010 RFID Reader
ISO14443-A and B (13.56 MHz)Operating distance: 1cm
Communication speed: up to 848 Kbit/s
Radio-frequency Identification (RFID)
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Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)
Medical Implants
Operating frequency: 175kHzRange: few centimeters
Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS)Frequency band: 402-405 MHz
Maximum transmit power (EIRP): 25 microwattRange: few meters
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Vehicular communications
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Dedicated short-range communications (DSRC)Frequency band (US): 5.850 to 5.925 GHz
Data rate: 6 to 27 MbpsRange: up to 1000m
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Tuning Frequency:30KHz - 30MHz (continuous)
Tuning Steps:1/5/10/50/100/500Hz & 1/5/9/10KHz
Antenna Jacket / Impedance:BNC-socket / 50Ohms
Max. Allowed Antenna Level :+10dBm typ. / saturation at -15dBm typ.
Noise Floor (0.15-30MHz BW 2.3KHz):Standard: < -131dBm (0.06μV) typ.
HighIP: < -119dBm (0.25μV) typ.Frequency Stability (15min. warm-up
period):+/- 1ppm typ.
Software Defined Radio
Application: Cognitive Radios Dynamic Spectrum Access
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Mobile devices
performanceperformance
Pager• receive only• tiny displays• simple text messages
Mobile phones• voice, data• web access• location based services
PDA• simple graphical displays• character recognition• simplified WWW
Laptop• functionally eq. to desktop• standard applications
Wireless sensors• Limited proc. power• Small battery
RFID tag• A few thousands of logical gates• Responds only to the RFID reader requests (no battery)
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Wireless networks in comparison to fixed networks
Higher data loss-rates due notably to interferencesemissions of e.g., engines, lightning, other wireless networks, micro-
wave ovens Restrictive regulations of frequencies
Usage of frequencies has to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost all occupied
Lower transmission ratesFrom a few kbit/s (e.g., GSM) to a few 10s of Mbit/s (e.g. WLAN)
Higher jitter Lower security (higher vulnerability) Radio link permanently shared need of sophisticated MAC Fluctuating quality of the radio links Unknown and variable access points authentication
procedures Unknown location of the mobile station mobility management
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History of wireless communication (1/3)
Many people in History used light for communicationheliographs, flags („semaphore“), ...150 BC smoke signals for communication
(Greece)1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe
Electromagnetic waves are of special importance:1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic inductionJ. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic Fields, wave
equations (1864)H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates
with an experiment the wave character of electrical transmission through space(1886)
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History of wireless communication (2/3)
1895 Guglielmo Marconifirst demonstration of wireless
telegraphy
long wave transmission, high transmission power necessary (> 200kw)
1907 Commercial transatlantic connectionshuge base stations
(30 to 100m high antennas) 1915 Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco 1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi
reflection at the ionosphere
smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)
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History of wireless communication (3/3)
1928 Many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV, TV news)
1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong) 1946 First public mobile telephone service in 25 US cities (1
antenna per city…) 1976 Bell Mobile Phone service for NY city 1979 NMT at 450MHz (Scandinavian countries) 1982 Start of GSM-specification
goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming 1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
System, analog) 1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones 1992 Deployment of GSM 2002 Deployment of UMTS 2010 LTE standards mature, first trials
Wireless systems: development over the last 25 years
cellular phones satellites wireless LANcordlessphones
1992:GSM
1994:DCS 1800
2001:UMTS/IMT-2000
CDMA-2000 (USA)
1987:CT1+
1982:Inmarsat-A
1992:Inmarsat-BInmarsat-M
1998:Iridium
1989:CT 2
1991:DECT 199x:
proprietary
1997:IEEE 802.11
1999:802.11b, Bluetooth
1988:Inmarsat-C
analog
digital
1991:D-AMPS
1991:CDMA
1981:NMT 450
1986:NMT 900
1980:CT0
1984:CT1
1983:AMPS
1993:PDC
2000:GPRS
2000:IEEE 802.11a,g
NMT: Nordic Mobile Telephone DECT: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecom.AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System (USA) DCS: Digital Cellular SystemCT: Cordless Telephone PDC: Pacific Digital CellularUMTS: Universal Mobile Telecom. System PAN: Personal Area NetworkLTE: Long Term Evolution UMA: Universal Mobile Access
2005:VoIP-DECT
2010LTE
2009:IEEE 802.11n
2010UMA
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Areas of research in mobile communication Wireless Communication
transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay)modulation, coding, interferencemedia access...
Mobilitylocation dependent services, also called location based serviceslocation transparencyquality of service support (delay, jitter)security...
Portabilityintegration (“system on a chip”)power consumptionlimited computing power, sizes of display, ...usability...
Security/privacy
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Typical reference model
Application
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Data Link
Physical
Application
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Data Link
Physical
Network Network
Radiolink
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Influence of mobile communication on the layer model
location-dependent services
new applications, multimediaadaptive applicationscongestion and flow controlquality of serviceaddressing, routing, mobility managementhand-overmedia accessmultiplexing
modulationpower management, interferenceattenuationfrequency allocation
Application layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
security
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Overlay Networks - the global view
wide area
metropolitan area
campus-based
in-house
verticalhand-over
horizontalhand-over
Integration of heterogeneous fixed andmobile networks with varyingtransmission characteristics
Campus Application Contest
NRC Lausanne is launching once again a contest for the best application!
Develop any application related to campus life on Nokia devices; e.g.:Menus of the day
Local public transport timetables
Map of the campus, guidance (also indoors)
Schedule of the different classes
Homeworks
Library services Win the latest Nokia devices (e.g. N900) and have your application pre-
installed on all Nokia phones sold to the student’s community next Fall! More information: http://nokia2.epfl.ch/cac/ Register by email to [email protected] until March 19th 2010
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References (in addition to the 2 recommended textbooks)
B. Walke: Mobile Radio Networks, Wiley, Second Edition, 2002
T. Rappaport: Wireless Communications, Prentice Hall, Second Edition, 2001
M. Schwartz: Mobile Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press, 2004
L. Buttyan and JP Hubaux: Security and Cooperation in Wireless Networks, Cambridge University Press, 2008, http://secowinet.epfl.ch