National performance & Plan for AI activities &

services

By Demere F/Mariam

NAIC 2003

Introduction

• Cattle genetic improvement through crossbreeding using AI technology had been going on in Ethiopia for well over the last four decades.

• To organize and coordinate the overall AI activity National Artificial Insemination Center (NAIC) was established in 1981 with the objective of improving the milk productivity of the local cattle breeds,,.

• The achievement made in the AI field service since 1984 had shown progress for the last 25 years.

• The NAIC since 1991 E.C had produced 2,285,310• and distributed 1,745,881 dozes of semen that enables 648606

total inseminations and 264377 birth of grade calves born only from AI application.

• It is estimated that nearly 25% of milk supply to the major towns is from the graded crossbreed population (MOA).

• The number of dozes of semen produced and distributed as well as the number of insemination at field level had steadily increased between 1998 to 2011 in the last decade,

Objectives of the center

• The over all objective of the center is to improve the milk productivity of local cattle breeds through A.I by production & distribution of quality semen from genetically improved bull.

Artificial Insemination• A.I is the only practically applicable means to obtain maximum

genetic gain.

• It provides economic alternatives to a natural service with out danger of maintaining of breeding bulls.

• It minimize danger of reproductive disease .Efficient AI service requires • Commitment & highly skilled techniques.• Organized logistics, implementation & Technical know how.• Supportive and organized administration ,

• Active participation of stakeholders, (NGO’s research & Extension/development, dairy cooperatives organization & inseminators .

The role of NAIC and Regional-Bureau's (Responsibility & accountability )

• In Ethiopia Presently, A.I had been launched in most regional states Oromiya, Amhara,SNNP,Tigray being the major regions,

• Also Harari, Addis Ababa & Dire Dawa administrative council provide AI service in almost all Woredas/Kebeles. There is some efforts to start AI in Benshangul, Gambella, Somali & Afar.

With the change in the policy of the government, the role of NAIC had some what changed in the last decade.

• As a result, the NAIC has been mainly engaged in production, distribution of semen and liquid nitrogen.

• Importation of semen and bulls, bull management, • AI technician's trainers training , organizing workshops , training AI

technicians for the newly emerging regional estates.

The regional bureaus had taken the major role of extension of AI services,

• Providing AI technician training, distribution of stored semen and regionally produced liquid nitrogen, jointly with NAIC,& the monitoring, evaluation and reporting of AI service program.

Achievements

The major achievements with the new policy are:-

• Total inseminations had reached 102786 / yr and contributed to more than 32888 birth of grade calves/year in 2001E.C.

• NAIC had trained a more than 800 AI technicians, 34 Trainers training & 28 regional livestock experts on nucleus herd management. And provides In - service training for AIT

• Similarly, Nearly more than 500 technicians had been trained in Oromiya, Amhara, Southern nations and nationalities states over the last 8 years period only.

• The area coverage that receives the filed AI service had reached 50% of the total wereda’s available in the Country but, with its own limitation.

Achievements of AI field service 1991-2002)

Year No. of insemination

No. of pregnancy

Calves born

1991 33647 12929 10502

1992 33531 11976 9933

1993 40603 16410 13780

1994 42460 16280 12645

1995 43539 18141 17416

1996 46876 19532 18750

1997 50213 20752 20085

1998 53550 22315 21420

1999 72620 24207 23239

2000 87140 29047 27885

2001 102756 34252 32882

2003 115085 27005 48259

Total 606935 225841 208537

Total semen Produced & distributed (1997-2002)

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

1996 1998 2000 2002

produced

distributed

Semen & LN production & distribution 1991-2003)Year Semen L.Nitrogen

Production(doses)

Distribution (doses)

Production/l Distribution/l

1991 119494 50031 41399 35472

1992 53224 65982 43578 37271

1993 73176 73392 42429 37546

1994 165728 80884 46992 42054

1995 143096 96465 39078 34034

1996 134158 134817 13412 15635

1997 7568 155078 4987 12290

1998 133720 150187 40644 25194

1999 145239 139256 31389 23563

2000 174280 165452 39485 29167

2001 250964 200895 43230 28022

2002 350492 154197 33112 22835

2003 534171 279245 53057 37490

Total 2285310 1745881 472792 380573

Distributed semen in 1999 Eth c to the customers Distributed dose of Semen in 2002/2003 E.c for the customers

Bull ID Orom

ia

Am

hara

SN

NS

Tig

ray

Ad

dis

Harari

Afa

r

Som

ali

Dred

aw

Res.

In

st

Priv

ate

HB

dF

Tota

l

G.Total 81218 39282 99703 38810 5200 5119 285 550 2030 1909 4697 422 279245

1. Inefficiency attributable to semen & LN production & distribution (NAIC ) level

• Quality of the genetic material due to lack of proper recording & verification system (progeny testing) in bull selection for semen

production.• Variability of AI fee Clients are served differently, some clients get

semen free of charge while others are charged for supplied semen to them.

• Lack of control and standardization of the regional technicians training programmers.

• Lack of clear share of responsibilities & accountability in areas of field artificial breeding extension service at a national stake holder's level.

• Lack of communication Reporting & Feed back system with stake holders.– activities related to semen production + trainers and technicians training

+ field AI extension service + the growing demand in product and service quality in relation to the growing users number, area coverage and technicians number as well as type etc.

2. limitation attributable to regional and Woreda stake holders level :-

• Irregularity of input supplies:- Semen, liquid nitrogen, sheath, glove , etc

• Critical Shortage Of Transportation facility:-The nature of AI Services needs mobility .

• Lack of proper utilization & maintenance facility for motor bicycles. LN plants.

• Organizational set up: - Organizational structure at regional and Woreda level do not have carrier structure for the promotion of AI technicians leading them to change their discipline.

• In adequate number of technician: - Some of AI technicians trained miss placed & moved due to different reason & not involved in the operation currently.

• In appropriate utilization of AI technician: - By its nature AI service is year round activity one of the prevailing field AI

Service problem is: assigning AI technician to different discipline & utilization of their motor

bicycle for another purpose.

3. Inefficiencies attributable to the technicians level

• Lack of technical skill / proficiency to perform AI.

• Heat detection problems.

• lack of strong extension service

• Lack of monitoring, Evaluation Reporting system.

Major Constraints

Extension Uncoordinated

approach

Training & Education incentive

LN supply & maintenance

Input supplyField

equipment Genetic material

Information system

Monitoring& Evaluation

OrganizationalResponsibilityaccountability

Constraints

Implementation of Successful AI Service

The following general principles need to be considered when planning successful AI service:

• Accessibility:-An area under crossbreeding scheme should be accessible to an AI service personnel, market for the product, good extension link etc.

• Continuity (Sustainability):-crossbreeding effort requires uninterrupted technical and administrative backing. The confidence on the technology grows gradually so close link between extension and pastoralist community have to there.

• Technical Effectiveness:-The efficiency of return rate, on time service and actualized productivity are the critical point of concern for acceptability of AI initiative in a given community.

• Cost Effectiveness and Marketing:-The cost of service and the market availability adds inertia to the promotion of the AI technology. In the absence of market, there can not be a guarantee to sustainability of the initiatives.

A successful AI program• The successes of an AI service depend very much on the

management of the herd, which requires, high standards of nutrition, health care and recording.

• An appropriate dairy extension service is required to supply knowledge to the farmers about dairy management (housing, nutrition, fodder production and conservation, handling and milking, disease prevention, breeding, etc.).

• An appropriate animal health service network is required because genetically improved animals tend to show an increased susceptibility to different diseases. Major infectious diseases should be controlled before the introduction of exotic susceptible breeds into the area.

• Careful planning of a programmed breeding is another prerequisite before the start of AI programme.

• Establish the ultimate goal of the programme. This may differ greatly from region to region, depending on Agro-ecological situation, the role played by cattle in the economy and the ecology and limiting factors such as labor, land or feed.

• An appropriate milk marketing system including milk collection, processing and distribution facilities.

Regional Semen utilization & evaluation in last 5 years

Detail Tigray Amhara Oromiya SNNP

Annual increament in insemination %

39.4 7.9 16.5 12

No of Woreda’s envolved %

94 76 76 85.5

No of AI centers 53 na na 150

No. of AI technicians

60 115 267 160

Semen uptake & increamenatl use %

61.82 24.9 14.9 17.7

Availabe breeds (bull semen )at NAIC

• Exotic ; Holeisten Frisian ,Jersey

• Indignous: Borna,Fogera, Horo, Begayit, Sheko

• Cross of Borna, Fogera, Begayit with HF & Jersey

Policies and practice for delivery of improved genetic materials and related service should be formulated in

relation to:

• Local situation (animal population, productivity)

• Environmental condition & availability of resource for livestock production, feed, health care ,suitable breed.

• Type of production system, market, breeding policy/guide lines

• Supportive and organized administrative & infrastructure

• Social ,Traditional & Economic situation of farmers / pastoralists

• Cooperatives and farmers organization to provide best structure: such as cost of AI and veterinary , feed service, & marketing of products

AI efficiency on station in terms of No of service per conception.

No Station Duration No of service

Per conception 1 Holota Agriculture

Research center 1/5/95-30/4/96 1/5/96-30/4/97 1/5/97-30/4/98 1/5/98-30/7/98

1.5 1.85 1.9 1.3

2 Asela farm 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97

2 2.2 2.5

3 Holota cattle genetic improvement farm

1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98

1.7 1.8 2.18 1.83

Tigray BUREAU uptake increament

1999 8495 % increament

2000 15370 6875 2001 12645 -2725 0.8093 2002 40305 27660 -0.17729 2003 26350 -13955 2.187426

average -0.34623 0.618299 Amhara BUREAU

1999 19092 2000 30716 11624 2001 41452 10736 0.608841 2002 29439 -12013 0.349525 2003 39169 9730 -0.28981

average 0.330514 0.249769 oromiya BUREAU

1999 45040 2000 47238 2198 2001 44630 -2608 0.048801 2002 73731 29101 -0.05521 2003 70335 -3396 0.65205

average -0.04606 0.149896 SNNP bureau

1999 55884 2000 57544 1660 2001 87014 29470 0.029704 2002 79532 -7482 0.51213 2003 99703 20171 -0.08599

average 0.253621

Tigray & Amhara semen uptake & Utilizatin

Tigray BUREAU

Year Semen uptake

No. of insemination

% Utilized

1999 8495 4801 56

2000 15370 4180 27

2001 12645 7779 61

2002 40305 11706 29

2003 26350 15684 59

Amhara

Year Semen uptake

No. of insemination

% Utilized

1999 19092 24166 103

2000 30716 26462 86

2001 41452 32601 78

2002 29439 18177 61

2003 39169 26058 66

Oromiya & SNNP semen uptake & Utilization

Oromiya

Year Semen uptake

No. of insemination

% Utilized

1999 45040

2000 47238 25000 52

2001 44630 29457 66

2002 73731 42459 57

2003 70335 37252 52

SNNP

Year Semen uptake

No. of insemination

% Utilized

1999 55884 19595 35

2000 57544 22331 38

2001 87014 18000 21

2002 79532 27000 33

2003 99703 28000 28

Delivery of A.I breeding service & improved genetics requires

• Active participation of stake holders: (NAIC research, Regions, cooperatives, NGO’s involved in

dairy production. )• Active participation of extension workers, farmers ,

inseminators ,• Genetic improvements depends on the accurate measurement of

characters and utilization of the data for bull selection• Getting cows in calf requires good heat detection, good

insemination technique & quality semen.• Adequate infrastructure, logistics, good telephone and transport

service, • Incentives system for efficiency of insemination & extra activity

performed on the holly days

II. Organization of AI service

1.Identificatin of Potential areas

Infrastructure ,extension service, market & No. of animals

2. Determining the AI delivery approach

Daily Round . Static, Telephone

3. Supply of AI equipments, Training of AI technicians

4. Monitoring & Evaluation, reporting

Mobile service delivery system

A. Daily run (round) System

B. Farm Visit system

C. Telephone Call system

Con..

• The common AI service used by all regions in Ethiopia is Daily Round system,

• That mean AI technicians with motorcycles visiting AI crushes built along the main road in rural and pre-urban areas and known sites of the cities.

• In urban areas, call system is widely used.• Stationed delivery system is carried out mainly

at the government farms and few commercial dairy farms that have their own technicians

Con..

• The system of artificial breeding service structurally followed within the country is a three-tier which can be distinguished by the major roles undertaken at each tier level by different stakeholders

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1. There is the major roles & duties At MOARD / NAIC semen production

level

• Perform planning at National level considering each regions • Selection of Bull Dams for nominated mating to produce young AI

bulls• Selection of Bull for semen production based on pedigree &

individual performance• Production evaluation, processing, storage and distribution of quality

semen and liquid nitrogen • Importation of semen of progeny tested bulls from abroad which is

used especially for nominated mating on Bull Dams• Training of trainees of technicians• Training of AI technicians as per the requirements of Regions those

need support• Monitoring and evaluating field AI service in collaboration with

Region• Coordination of over all AI activities

2. Regional Bureau / Semen bank Sub-center

This is the second tier for extending the artificial breeding service in their respective area to the users and stakeholders involved in delivering the service with the following major roles and duties:-

• Planning regionally (semen requirements by genotype, number of females served necessary AI inputs required, monitoring schedules…)

• Receiving, storage and distribution of semen for field AI service and managing semen bank.

• Production storage and distribution of liquid nitrogen for field AI service.• Supply, storage and distribution of AI equipment as per field demand.• Receiving reports from Woreda for reproductive performance monitoring

and reporting the overall result for national consumption to NAIC.• Coordinate and monitor local (woreda) activities.• Training of AI technicians with the objective to deliver technically perfect and

biologically effective artificial breeding service.• Monitoring and evaluating field AI service at technicians and female cattle

reproductive performance level.• Supporting integrated extension service delivery and supervision of areas

covered by artificial breeding service.

3 Woreda Rural and Agriculture Development Office

• Planning locally at each technicians level.• Planning daily AI service delivery strategy as per the

local condition and resource for mobility of the technician to give the Service.

• Locating insemination service delivery points accessible to the user farmers.

• Selecting means of transport for mobile technicians with the objective to deliver village step and farmers door-step AI service.

• Reporting regularly directly to region , Zones / Federal .• Supervising the local activities at each technicians level.• Farmers training strong extension service.

3.1. AI Technician:-

Currently, there are three categories of AI technicians involved in field AI operation namely, state, private and NGO employed personnel’s with the following major roles and duties.

• Proper AI service delivery• Programmed daily activity• Perform proper recording as per the standard format • Obey the standard service delivery rules and hygienic / sanitary

conditions• Communicate DA, Veterinarians. • Accept or reject cows presented for insemination and tell to the

farmer what to do next time. • Collect insemination fee determined per cow / heifer considering

repeat insemination during a service period of 60 – 90 days if the cow repeats

• Perform PD and advise farmer what to do.• Collect calving reports.• Prepare summaries and reports.

3.2. The DA‘s and Supervisors

• Create awareness• Stimulate interest • Convince individuals to use the service• Make closer contact with technicians• Obtain information

– Pregnancy– Calving– Complaints

• Exchange of information & ideas• Train farmers in heat detection, health care, feeding & management • Discuss with farmers and technicians on reproductive performance

problems• Participate in planning, coordination & supervision

3.3. The Farmer:-

• Keep healthy and productive animals • Conserve feeds for period of shortage• Feed the animals properly• Present cows/heifers seen in heat for insemination• Present cows for PD• Give calving reports • Rear calves properly• Keep close contact with

– DA– AI technician – Veterinarian– Breeders– Nutritionists

• Produce quality products• Perform selection for improvement

III. Recording and Monitoring of AI service

• 1.Utilization of recording• To monitor bulls at the AI station• To avoid Inbreeding• to monitor the work of AI technicians• It indicate the efficiency of both bulls &

technicians• To obtain economic information ( such as productivity, expense income, out put etc )

3. Type of Report Summary Formats

• Region wise summary format

• Technicians wise summary– This month– Up to this month

• Technicians NR% summary

• Bull's NR% summary

• Reproduction record sheet

Details of

• Calves born– Male– Female– Total

• Pregnancy diagnosis– Positive diagnosis– Farmers report

• Semen dose obtained• Semen does wasted• Semen dose available• Fee collected

Con…

• From the recorded data on AI set & reports

• Consumable balance at the end of the month– NR% of bulls and technicians– Calving intervals– Inter service intervals– Calf mortality, sex and disposal– Abortion and the like could be determined

Technical formulas for measuring efficiency

• Service per conception = total insemination

cows conceived

• Calving rate = total cows conceived & calvedx100

Total insemination of cows

• NRR = cows not returned for 2nd inseminationx100

total 1st inseminated cows

• Conception rate = No. of pregnant cowsx100

Total insemination

• Fertility rate = cows inseminated & became pregnant x100

Total inseminated of cows

Future ProspectiveEconomically important

trait

Present production level

Future genetic

gain

Difference Level of importance

Remark

Milk yield / lactation

200 300/ 1500

100 / 1300

1

Age at 1st calving

37 30 7mth 2

Calving interval

480 380 100 day 3

Weaning wt.

80 180 100 4

Key action in breed improvement( principles of genetics)

• Set breeding objective that benefit Producers / pastoralists

• Select bulls/breeds that best fit the AEZ.

• Monitor progress & adjust breeding objective to achieves the planned targets

• Evaluate the merits

Priority actions at national level

» a) Create awareness among policy-makers and farmers of the importance of AnGR, particularly of the need to pay special attention to indigenous breeds.

» b) Conduct capacity building in human resources with emphasis on specialized areas like genetic characterization and development of breeding plans.

» c ) Establish and strengthen a national institution to coordinate management of AnGR.

In order to achieve breed improvement goals

• Strengthening nucleus farms of local breeds of Borena, Fogera, Begayit & Horro.

- A Study conducted by FAO fund on breeding program, genetic improvements & conservation of local breeds. The final draft is ready for stakeholders comment.

• Strengthening of Holleta bull dam farm for Holeiston breed & Jersey farm in Wolayita sodo.Adaberga

• Establishments of commercial follow farms for better bull selection.

- 4 farms around Addis Abeba selected & agreement reached on recording and selection of better bulls.

Serial TIGRAYE 1ST QUARTERNumber Bull Id 1st insemination cows repeated Total Total

performed from 1st insem repeats insemintn NRR

1 10-192 236 25 33 269 89.42 10-186 276 50 45 321 81.93 10-168 240 22 25 265 90.84 10-171 317 29 49 366 90.95 10-173 329 34 36 365 89.76 10-141 78 20 8 86 74.47 10-189 245 20 47 292 91.88 10-188 89 16 1 90 82.09 10-194 113 19 11 124 83.2

10 10-185 9 5 1 10 44.411 10-144 36 2 2 38 94.412 10-190 8 6 2 10 25.013 75-114 351 25 31 382 92.914 50-200 186 7 8 194 96.215 50-199 32 0 2 34 100.016 50-139 2 2 0 2 0.017 02-052 58 4 1 59 93.118 02-051 103 9 6 109 91.319 02-047 2 0 2 4 100.020 11-157 274 19 14 288 93.121 11-206 290 24 24 314 91.722 11-201 6 0 0 6 100.023 11-134 4 0 0 4 100.0

Total Insemination (Total repeats

+ 1st Insem

Serial AMHARA 1ST QUARTERNumber Bull Id 1st insemination cows repeated Total Total 1st insemination

performedfrom 1st insemrepeats insemintn NRR performed

1 10-192 0 #DIV/0!2 10-186 288 28 1 289 90.277783 10-168 272 36 18 290 86.764714 10-171 348 50 0 348 85.632185 10-173 139 15 0 139 89.208636 10-141 251 45 0 251 82.071717 10-189 74 6 0 74 91.891898 10-188 0 #DIV/0!9 10-194 0 #DIV/0!

10 10-185 43 0 0 43 10011 10-144 0 #DIV/0!12 10-190 182 15 13 195 91.7582413 75-114 89 13 4 93 85.3932614 50-200 0 #DIV/0!15 50-199 26 5 1 27 80.7692316 50-139 0 #DIV/0!17 02-052 0 #DIV/0!18 02-051 0 #DIV/0!19 02-047 0 #DIV/0!20 11-157 34 2 0 34 94.1176521 11-206 14 1 0 14 92.8571422 11-201 58 3 0 58 94.8275923 11-134 0 #DIV/0!24 50-099 6 1 6 83.33333

FEDERAL 1st QUARTER Bull Id 1st insemination cows repeated Total Total NRR

performed from 1st insem repeats insemintn10-192 339 52 54 393 84.710-186 359 45 50 409 87.510-168 416 44 46 462 89.410-171 732 113 124 856 84.610-173 354 28 30 384 92.110-141 900 94 98 998 89.610-189 1214 211 231 1445 82.610-188 247 64 64 311 74.110-194 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!10-185 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!10-144 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!10-190 558 114 118 676 79.675-114 181 19 19 200 89.550-200 307 40 2 309 87.050-199 27 17 17 44 37.050-139 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!02-052 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!02-051 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!02-047 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!11-157 63 9 9 72 85.711-206 116 15 15 131 87.111-201 129 15 15 144 88.411-134 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!50-099 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

0 0 0 0 0 #DIV/0!

Future plan

• The demand for improved breed is increasing it can not be satisfied by NAIC only.

• NAIC will transfer to Proven bull semen production by capacity building,

• The regions will be transformed to production of semen from selected local & exotic breeds Oromiya already started some steps for action

Baselin

e

Plan (2010/11 - 2014/15)

2009/10 2010/1

1

2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15

S.N.

Indicator

Units

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

1 To increase crossbreed calves born

in 5 years time an average of 30.99%

annual productivity increments

10.37

17.69 34.70 34.25 31.20 37.10

1. Increased Production of

Semen

Doze 350000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000

2. Increased LN2 production Litres 55000 450000 540000 540000 630000 630000

3. Increased Semen Distribution Doze 300000 570000 760000 950000 1425000 1900000

4. Increased Crossbred cattle

population (Male & female)

Calf 390078 459070 618363 830127 1089114 1493203

5. Increased Milking cows Cow 140428 165265 222611 298846 392081 537553

6. Increased Milk produced from

cross breeds ('000 ton)

'000

Ton 154 181 326 438 574 787

2 young bull crop for replacement for

AI and natural crossbreeding

7. Exotic breed import Bull 12

8. AI Bull 12 12 12 18 20 20

9. Natural Mating Bull 15 15 24 24 30 30

10. Fogera Bull 1 3 3 3 3 3

11. Begait Bull 3 3 3 3 3

12. Borana Bull 3 3 3 3 3 3

13. Horro Bull 1 2 2 2 2 2

14. Crossbreeds bulls Bull 6 9 9 9 9 9

15. Holstein Incalf heifers imports Heifer 300

16. Jersey Incalf heifers imports Heifer 200

Proper & efficient AI service

Supportive & organized

administration

Supportive & organized

administration

Active participation

of stake holders

Active participation

of stake holders

Recording& data

management system

Recording& data

management system

Quality semen /Genetic material

Quality semen /Genetic material

Heat detection, & good AI technique

Heat detection, & good AI technique

Incentives System

Carrier strtraining

Incentives System

Carrier strtraining

InfrastructureInput supply & logistics

InfrastructureInput supply & logistics

Proper & efficient

AI Delivery

Proper & efficient

AI Delivery

Conclusion

Accountability & Responsibility At FederalRegional, zone, Woreda, DCAIT, farmer

Setting priority & give due attention

By all stake holders

Coordinated Approach of the region& stake holders

Thank you

Serial AMHARA 2nd QUARTERNumber Bull Id 1st insemination cows repeated Total Total

performed from 1st insemrepeats insemintn

1 10-192 281 49 51 332 3322 10-186 227 27 32 259 2593 10-168 373 38 40 413 4134 10-171 702 108 119 821 8215 10-173 286 21 21 307 3076 10-141 185 36 36 221 2217 10-189 381 45 50 431 4318 10-188 195 18 18 213 2139 10-194 0 0 0 0 0

10 10-185 0 0 0 0 011 10-144 0 0 0 0 012 10-190 234 33 26 260 26013 75-114 178 18 18 196 19614 50-200 28 28 2815 50-199 21 16 16 37 3716 50-139 0 0 0 0 017 02-052 0 0 0 0 018 02-051 0 0 0 0 019 02-047 0 0 0 0 020 11-157 33 4 4 37 3721 11-206 116 15 15 131 13122 11-201 129 15 15 144 14423 11-134 0 0 0 0 024 50-099 0 0 0 0 025 11-206 026 04-146 027 10-108 028 10-191 029 04-146 030 04-246 031 03-072 032 02-072 033 50-095 0

Total Insemination

(Total repeats + 1st Insem

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TdÅÓ

¾አ`w„ ›Å \ ¾U` T ነት¾”e� dƒ ²` õLÔƒ ጥያቄ

7 Proposed AI delivery networking system under

low and medium input animal production system.

AI center, regional or Federal

Agency of livestock development, health

& marketing

AI tech. at Village

AI tech. at Village

Farm

Farm

Farm Farm

Farm

Administration

Research

Farm

Stakeholders

Simplified proposed breeding scheme for composite breed development from Frisian and

Arsi cattle. 500 selected Arsi cowsFive Frisian bulls

Participating animals 10,000-upgraded heifers continue to produce the next generation using F1 bulls

128 F1 Males

128 F1 females culled

12 best bulls for nucleus

103 to sire participating herds

5% death (14)

animals

500 (25%HF75%A) Females

500 (37.5HF, 62.5A) females

All males culled

13 culled

F1 bulls and AI

F1 bulls and AI

Best upgraded heifers will join the nucleus each generation

50%HF50%A

Participant districts for proposed ONBS and composite breed development in Oromia

region.