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Mushroom poisoning
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Plant poisoning
Definition
• Poisoning occurs when any substance interferes with normal body functions after it is swallowed, inhaled, injected, or absorbed.
• The branch of medicine that deals with the detection and treatment of poisons is known as toxicology.
• Nearly above 100 plants are toxic to humans.• (Lethal)
Examples :
1. AloeAloe: • Latin name -Vera
2. Cannabis • Latin name - Cannabis Sativa
3. Mushroom :
Latin name : Boletus edulis
Mushroom’s poisoning
There are three types of effects;POSITIVE• Mood lift, Euphoria• Increased giggling and laughing• May interrupt cluster sequences in
those suffering from cluster headaches
NEUTRAL :• Feeling more emotionally sensitive• General change in consciousness • Sleepiness, lethargy• Pupil dilation.
NEGATIVE :• Intense feelings of fear, nausea, confusion• Mild to severe anxiety, dizziness,.
• Mushroom poisoning (also known as mycetism)
• Refers to harmful effects from ingestion of toxic substances present in a mushroom.
• They are unique.• They are neither animal or plant.• The Kingdom of “ Fungi”
CLASSIFICATION
1. Cyclopeptide – containing mushrooms - AMANITA SPECIES
2. Mono methyl hydrazine - Gyromitra species
3. Muscarine containing mushrooms – Inocybe species
4. Coprine – coprinus – Atramentarius
5. Gastroenteritis including mushrooms – Chlorophyllum molybdites.
USES OF MUSHROOMS
• Production of foodstuffs like wine and cheese.
• Mushrooms has immune system enhancement properties.
• Used for dyeing wool and other natural fibers.
• Used as a antioxidant.
AMANITA SPECIES
Fly agaric or fly amanita Poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete
fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita.
DESCRIPTION: A large conspicuous mushroom Fly agaric fruiting bodies emerge from the
soil looking like a white egg, covered in the white warty material of the universal veil.
M.O.A :
• Amatoxins are potent and selective inhibitors of RNA polymerase II, a vital enzyme in the synthesis of messenger RNA(mRNA), microRNA, and small nuclear RNA (snRNA).
• Without mRNA, which is the template for protein synthesis, cell metabolism stops and cytolysis ensues.
• The RNA polymerase of Amanita phalloides is insensitive to the effects of amatoxins; thus, the mushroom does not poison itself.
• Fatal dose – 2 to 3 mushrooms
( A.phalloides)
Early symptom category - 6 hours • Allergic, and neurologic syndromes
(Hallucinations, Convulsions,coma )
Late symptom category – 6 and 24 hours • Hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic.
Delayed symptom category – After 24 hours • Jaundice, hypoglycemia, MODS followed by
death.
Other symptoms :
• Diarrhea, • Fever,• Headache,• Weakness, • Drowsiness, • Dizziness, sweating, • Confusion, and hallucination.
Complications
• Kidney damage, Kidney failure & Death
Indications:• Don't believe that boiling, salting, or
drying mushrooms will purified ones• Don't use alcohol. Some edible
mushrooms can cause an abnormal reaction when taken with alcohol.
DIAGNOSIS :
• Arterial blood gas analysis may demonstrate hypoxia and acidosis.
• Electrolyte disturbances (eg, hypokalemia) may occur in patients with severe gastroenteritis.
• LFT & RFT
• Monitoring BGL
• Detection of toxins in gastric aspirate, serum, urine, stool.
• Liver & kidney biopsies has to done.
• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis of urinary amanitin appears to be efficacious in diagnosing amatoxin poisoning.
• TLC, • GLC and • HPLC.
Treatment
• The initial treatment is supportive. • Control the ABCs • Hydration with intravenous fluid is essential to
maintain a strong blood pressure. • Transfusion of fresh frozen plasma, packed RBC is
necessary.• Oxygen therapy and, if necessary, a breathing
machine (mechanical ventilator) can be used.• Decontamination of GUT (A+ charcoal, emesis,
catharsis, forced diuresis, hemoperfusion)
• Drugs used include anticonvulsants, antiemetics, gastrointestinal (GI) decontaminants, antidotes, and anticholinergic agents.
Anticonvulsants - Lorazepam (Ativan) Antiemetic Agents - Metoclopramide (Reglan) Gastrointestinal Agents - PEG Anticholinergic Agents - Atropine
Antidote :• BENZYL PENICLLIN :
• DOSE : 300000 – 1,000,000units/day is effective.
• M.O.A : By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, penicillin G inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis.
• Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysis.
• ADR :, hypersensitivity, rashes, neurotoxicity , erythema, dermatitis , angioedema , seizures.
• Thioctic acid – hepatic damage• Silybinnin – hepatic toxicity• Cimetidine (have hepato protector
against alpha amanitin)
Dose – 4-6gm/day
How to get infect from mushrooms??????????????
IF…. Eat poisonous mushroom. Eat rotten mushroom. Eat mushrooms sprayed with
pesticides.Eat mushrooms if the person is
allergic too.Eat safe mushrooms but have a
panic reaction.
Tips For Identifying Poisonous Mushrooms
• Should never pick little brown mushrooms or umbrella-capped ones with white gills.
• Always leave out the mushroom that has a bulbous cap or sac around its base.
• This ring or ‘annulus’ is a clear indication of the toxicity of a mushroom.
• Just bite into its fleshy cap and wait for 24 hours to see any possible signs of poisoning.
• Also, avoid eating wild mushrooms in raw form or in large quantities as these are difficult to digest.
mycotoxins
THANQQQQ