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The quality and compatibility of material components and care in installation are key to wall performance. The recommended specification for products and workmanship for masonry construction are covered in the latest editions of: Masonry Standards Joint Committee ACI 530.1 / ASCE 6 / TMS 602
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Continuing
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1
Designing Concrete Masonry Walls
to Resist Moisture Penetration Program #: 0508-01 NCMA
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This program is registered with the AIA/CES for
continuing professional education. As such, it does not
include content that may be deemed or construed to be an
approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of
construction or any method or manner of handling, using,
distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and
services will be addressed at the conclusion of this
presentation.
AIA Disclaimer Notice
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Satisfying the Owner
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Associated Effects of
Moisture
• Efflorescence
• Corrosion of Metals &
Reinforcement
• Staining / Mold / Mildew
• Leaks
• Rotting & Degradation of Insulation
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Keys to Providing
Moisture Penetration Resistance
• Quality Materials
• Good Construction
– following specifications
– full head joints
• Proper Detailing and Specifying
– locations of flashing, weeps, etc..
– back-up systems
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Concrete Masonry Units
• ASTM C 90 Properties
– Compressive Strength
– Absorption
– Dimensional Tolerances
– Density Definitions
– Linear Drying Shrinkage
Continuing
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Services • Unit Properties Not in C 90
– Color
– Texture
– Density
– Water Repellency
– Fire Ratings
– Thermal Properties
– Sound Properties
Concrete Masonry Units
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Masonry Mortars
• Specify ASTM C 270
• Mortar Options:
– Portland Cement and Lime
– Masonry Cement
– Mortar Cement
• Mortar Types: M, S, N, and O
• Mortar Quality Control
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9
Products & Workmanship
• The quality and compatibility of material
components and care in installation are key to
wall performance.
• The recommended specification for products
and workmanship for masonry construction are
covered in the latest editions of:
Masonry Standards Joint Committee
ACI 530.1 / ASCE 6 / TMS 602
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The Role of the Architect
• Design, Detailing and Specifying
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Components for Mitigation
• Flashing
• Weeps
• Vents
• Water Repellent Admixtures
• Sealants & Coatings
• Vapor Retarders
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Good Performance
Requires...
• Flashing
• Weeps
• Vents
• Water Repellent Admixtures
• Sealants & Coatings
• Vapor Barriers
Integration of
ALL
Components
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Masonry Barrier Wall Types
• Solid Wall
– Solid grouted single-wythe
– Solid grouted composite cavity
• Multi-Wythe Drainage Wall
– Veneer
– Noncomposite cavity
• Single-Wythe Drainage Wall
– Ungrouted
– Partially grouted
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The Solid Wall
1 Grout fill
2 Finish Sealed and
integral repellent
3 Mortar Integral repellent
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1
2
3
4
5
6 Multi-Wythe
Drainage Wall
1 Unit concrete
2 Vertical air
space
3 Mortar and
masonry
veneer
4 Flashing
5 Weep holes
6 Vents
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4
3
1
2
5 Single Wythe
Drainage Wall
1. Unit Concrete
Masonry sealed
and/or integral
repellent
2. Mortar
3. Through Wall
Flashing
4. Weep Holes
5. Vents
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Services Level of
Defense
1
2
3
Surface Protection
•Tooling of Mortar Joints
• Sealants /Coatings
Internal Protection
• Integral Water Repellents
Drainage
• Flashing, weeps and vents
Defense Mechanism
Best Performance Is
Achieved By Redundancy
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Weather Resistant Mortar Joints
Concave joint
(preferred)"V" joint
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Full Thickness of
Mortar Joints
f
Properly mortared
ft
head jointInadequate
head joint
Thickness no lessthan t
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Clear Film Treatments Acrylics - form elastic film over surface. Quick drying. $
Penetrating Repellents (Silicones) Silicone Resins - good penetration. Drying time 4-5 hours. $
Silanes - good penetration. More volatile (quick evaporation).
Can be applied to damp surfaces. $$
Siloxanes - similar benefits of silanes. Effective on wider
variety of surfaces. $$
Others
Water Based
Solvent Based
Clear Surface Treatment
Repellents
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Other Surface Treatments
Cementitious Coatings Portland Cement Plaster (Stucco) $$
Paints
Cement-Based - good durability (including alkalis). Fills
small voids. Apply to damp surface and damp cure. $
Latex - water based. Good durability (including alkalis). Breathable. Applied to damp or dry surfaces and cure quickly. Good hiding characteristics. Easy application - brush, roller, spray. $
Alkyd Paints - Durable, flexible, gloss retention, quick
dry.Low alkali resistance. Hard to brush apply. $
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Surface Barrier Limitations
If the surface barrier is compromised,
moisture can move through the wall by:
• gravity
• pressure
• capillary action
Integral Water
Repellent admixtures
inhibit capillary action
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Integral Water Repellents
• Polymeric material which does not alter
the finished appearance of the block
• Lasts the lifetime of the unit
• Cuts down on possibility of efflorescence
• Incorporate a compatible integral water
repellent admixture into the mortar
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Vapor Barrier
Rigid Insulation
Wall Finish
Wall Flashing
Weeps @
32”o.c.
Water Repellent
Admixture
Horizontal
Reinforcement
Surface
Coating
Z-Furring
&
Fasteners
Vertical
Reinforcement
Section
Detail at
Base of
Single Wythe
Wall
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25
Flashing Material Options
• Sheet Metals
• Composite Materials
• Plastic and Rubber Compounds
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Stainless Steel
Cold-Rolled Copper
Galvanized Steel
Durable,
non staining
Flexible, durable,
easily formed and
joined
Easy to paint and
durable
Hard to form
Damaged by excessive
flexing and can stain
Corrodes early in acidic
and salty air
Material Advantages Disadvantages
Flashing Materials
Sheet Metals
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Lead-coated copper
Copper laminates
Flexible, durable,
non-staining
Easy to form
Difficult to seal joints,
damaged by excessive
flexing, metal drip edge
suggested
Degrades in UV light,
more easily torn than
metal
Material Advantages Disadvantages
Flashing Materials
Composites
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EPDM
Rubberized
asphalt
PVC
Flexible, easy to form,
non-staining
Fully adhered, separate lap adhesive not needed, self healing, flexible, easy to form and join
Easy to form and join,
non-staining, low cost
Aesthetics if not used with a
metal drip edge, full support
recommended
Full support required, degrades in UV light, metal drip edge required
Easily damaged, full
support required, metal drip
edge required, questionable
durability
Material Advantages Disadvantages
Flashing Materials
Plastics and Rubber Compounds
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Splices
4”
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Splicing Metal Flashing
Metal Flashing 4 in. (102 mm)
lap min.
gap in flashing
/ in. (64 mm)1
4 Fully adhere
membrane
Membrane
Metal Flashing
Step 1 Step 2
Splice Cross Section
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• Cotton sash
cord for
drainage path
(remove after
wall is laid up)
• Partially open
head joints
(preferred)
Weeps
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Flashing Locations
Needed anywhere the downward
vertical path of water to the weeps
is interrupted:
• base and foundation
• lintels
• bond beams
• parapets
• intermediate roofs
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Flashing Detail at
Reinforced Cell
Typical detail at inside of faceshell
b) Unreinforced cell
of washed pea stone. Alt. — leave out every other reduced size facing unit on top of flahing to serve as cleanouts unitl the wall is completed.* Cavity filter is any material used in conjunction with mortar nets to prevent mortar droppings from cloggin the weeps, i.e. filter paper or 2 in. (51 mm)
a) Reinforced cell
off to fit (typ. a & c)and part of webs cut
Cavity filter*
o.c. partially open2 ft. 8 in. (813 mm)Weep holes @
(typ. b & c)
1 in. (25 mm)
joints"L-shaped" head
Architectural unitwith inside faceshell
Edge of flashing
Solid unit or
Cavity filter*
from joint
to support flashingfilled hollow unit
sealed by mortar
1 in.
e) One-piece flashing
d) Two-piece flashing
Bond beam, lintel orfoundation (typ.)
c) Optional unreinforced masonry
4 in. (102 mm) unit
Drip edge (typ.)
48 in. (1219 mm) o.c.#5 (#16) min. @
Mortar net*
(25 mm)
Flashing
inside of faceshellStop flashing at
> 8 in. (203 mm) wall4 in. (102 mm) unit for8 in. (203 mm) wall,3 in. (76 mm) unit for
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Flashing Detail at
Unreinforced Cell
Typical detail at inside of faceshell
b) Unreinforced cell
of washed pea stone. Alt. — leave out every other reduced size facing unit on top of flahing to serve as cleanouts unitl the wall is completed.* Cavity filter is any material used in conjunction with mortar nets to prevent mortar droppings from cloggin the weeps, i.e. filter paper or 2 in. (51 mm)
a) Reinforced cell
off to fit (typ. a & c)and part of webs cut
Cavity filter*
o.c. partially open2 ft. 8 in. (813 mm)Weep holes @
(typ. b & c)
1 in. (25 mm)
joints"L-shaped" head
Architectural unitwith inside faceshell
Edge of flashing
Solid unit or
Cavity filter*
from joint
to support flashingfilled hollow unit
sealed by mortar
1 in.
e) One-piece flashing
d) Two-piece flashing
Bond beam, lintel orfoundation (typ.)
c) Optional unreinforced masonry
4 in. (102 mm) unit
Drip edge (typ.)
48 in. (1219 mm) o.c.#5 (#16) min. @
Mortar net*
(25 mm)
Flashing
inside of faceshellStop flashing at
> 8 in. (203 mm) wall4 in. (102 mm) unit for8 in. (203 mm) wall,3 in. (76 mm) unit for
Continuing
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35
Typical Detail at
Inside Face Shell
Typical detail at inside of faceshell
b) Unreinforced cell
of washed pea stone. Alt. — leave out every other reduced size facing unit on top of flahing to serve as cleanouts unitl the wall is completed.* Cavity filter is any material used in conjunction with mortar nets to prevent mortar droppings from cloggin the weeps, i.e. filter paper or 2 in. (51 mm)
a) Reinforced cell
off to fit (typ. a & c)and part of webs cut
Cavity filter*
o.c. partially open2 ft. 8 in. (813 mm)Weep holes @
(typ. b & c)
1 in. (25 mm)
joints"L-shaped" head
Architectural unitwith inside faceshell
Edge of flashing
Solid unit or
Cavity filter*
from joint
to support flashingfilled hollow unit
sealed by mortar
1 in.
e) One-piece flashing
d) Two-piece flashing
Bond beam, lintel orfoundation (typ.)
c) Optional unreinforced masonry
4 in. (102 mm) unit
Drip edge (typ.)
48 in. (1219 mm) o.c.#5 (#16) min. @
Mortar net*
(25 mm)
Flashing
inside of faceshellStop flashing at
> 8 in. (203 mm) wall4 in. (102 mm) unit for8 in. (203 mm) wall,3 in. (76 mm) unit for
Continuing
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36
Typical detail at inside of faceshell
b) Unreinforced cell
of washed pea stone. Alt. — leave out every other reduced size facing unit on top of flahing to serve as cleanouts unitl the wall is completed.* Cavity filter is any material used in conjunction with mortar nets to prevent mortar droppings from cloggin the weeps, i.e. filter paper or 2 in. (51 mm)
a) Reinforced cell
off to fit (typ. a & c)and part of webs cut
Cavity filter*
o.c. partially open2 ft. 8 in. (813 mm)Weep holes @
(typ. b & c)
1 in. (25 mm)
joints"L-shaped" head
Architectural unitwith inside faceshell
Edge of flashing
Solid unit or
Cavity filter*
from joint
to support flashingfilled hollow unit
sealed by mortar
1 in.
e) One-piece flashing
d) Two-piece flashing
Bond beam, lintel orfoundation (typ.)
c) Optional unreinforced masonry
4 in. (102 mm) unit
Drip edge (typ.)
48 in. (1219 mm) o.c.#5 (#16) min. @
Mortar net*
(25 mm)
Flashing
inside of faceshellStop flashing at
> 8 in. (203 mm) wall4 in. (102 mm) unit for8 in. (203 mm) wall,3 in. (76 mm) unit for
Optional Flashing Detail at
Unreinforced Cell
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Copings and
Caps
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Insulation
Flashing
Reglet
Solid
Sealant
Wall Flashing
Drip
Bond Beam
Horizontal
Reinforcing
Weeps @
16”o.c.
Rake & Caulk
Solid
Water
repellent
Ad-Mixture
Drip
Insulation
Vapor Barrier
Wall Finish
Coping and
Parapet Detail
Standard
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Great Performance!!
When proper detailing is combined with
good materials and good construction -
masonry provides excellent protection
against water penetration.
Please call us if you need more information
about how to construct a water-tight
structure.
NCMA