Models, Conceptual Structures, and Enterprise Architecture

Simon PolovinaConceptual Structures Research Group

C3RI / Department of Computing

Models of physical entities

Models of systems or phenomena

• Only see through models• And noting that “All Models are Wrong, But Some are Useful” (Box, 1987)• Includes models of enterprises, which we can’t touch but are very real• Understood through “Enterprise Architecture”

Sowa (2002)

Enterprise

• “Space: the final frontier. These are the voyages of the starship Enterprise. Its five-year mission: to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldly go where no man has gone before.” (Star Trek, quotes)

• Origin: late Middle English: from Old French, 'something undertaken', feminine past participle (used as a noun) of entreprendre, based on Latin prendere, prehendere 'to take‘ (OED)

• An undertaking, especially one of some scope, complication, and risk (thefreedictionary.com)

• A business organisation (thefreedictionary.com)• You and me

Architecture

• The art or practice of designing and constructing buildings (OED)

• The complex or carefully designed structure of something (OED)

• The conceptual structure and logical organization of a computer or computer-based system (OED)

• Winchester Mystery House, Why• “From a blank piece of paper to the last nail in the wall”

Sowa & Zachman (1992)

Enterprise + Architecture

& T

oday

Ontology• In Philosophy:

– A theory of being– “does truth exist?” or “does energy exist?”

• In Computer Science– Gruber “In the context of knowledge sharing, I use the term

ontology to mean a specification of a conceptualization. That is, an ontology is a description (like a formal specification of a program) of the concepts and relationships that can exist for an agent or a community of agents. This definition is consistent with the usage of ontology as set-of-concept-definitions, but more general. And it is certainly a different sense of the word than its use in philosophy.” (emphasis added).” (Malik, 2009)

TOGAF (v9.1)• 1980’s TAFIM (from US DoD)• 1995 TOGAF v1• Now v9.1• Includes the ADM

i.e. the Architecture Development Method(as shown)

• And the Content Metamodel (shown next)

TOGAF’s Content Metamodel• Meta = ‘about’• White entities are “core”

and not to be omitted• Red/Blue/Green entities

are “extensions” and can be omitted

• Entity renaming is possible

• Modification and removal of entities is not recommended

• It’s the base template for your EA

Domain

Semantics

Rule of 3:

Object Objectrelation

http://pubs.opengroup.org/architecture/togaf9-doc/arch/chap34.html

An Enterprise (Concepts and Structures)

A (Simplified) SHU EA

SHU's EA, redefined

Architecting a Financial Trading Enterprise

TRA Inc. buys and sells

numbers of shares of

securities and manages its

clients’ assets.

e.g. ‘Portfolio Manager’

Creates and manages portfolio

Place (Buy/Sell)

Order

Derive profit on 'SQQ'

(size, quantity and

quality) of transactions.

25% market share by 2014; Top 3 of best-

of-breed in Service polls

Right down to the Database

server, Network, …

As a Conceptual Structure (using Peirce’s cuts)

Restricted_Issuer

FT_Transaction

Portfolio_Manager

Trader

Regular_PortfolioRegular_Portfolio

measure

Portfolio

market_value

TAV

Dollar: lt100k

Dispose_Recommendation

Security

owner

Client

receiver

Gold_Portfolio

Dollar: 100k_to_lt1m

Portfolio

TAV

measure

Gold_Portfolio

market_value

Platinum_Portfolio

Dollar: egt1m

measure

Platinum_Portfolio

market_value

Portfolio

TAV

placer Agent

characteristic

Investment_Firm: TRA_Inc.

Client

Restricted_Issuer

owner

event_subjectevent_subject

Cash_Movement

Cash_Asset: 10pct

greater_than

Order

TAV

part

market_value

sum

sourcedestination

FT_Transaction

Dollardestination

source

Asset

Portfolio_Manager

Trader

Regular_PortfolioRegular_Portfolio

measure

Portfolio

market_value

TAV

Dollar: lt100k

Transaction

part

Issuer

Dispose_Recommendation

Security

owner

Client

receiver

Gold_Portfolio

Dollar: 100k_to_lt1m

Portfolio

TAV

measure

Gold_Portfolio

market_value

Portfolioconsists

measure

Positionholder

Platinum_Portfolio

Dollar: egt1m

measure

Platinum_Portfolio

market_value

Portfolio

TAV

delegate

Held_Time: egt30days

characteristic

Trade_Datepoint_in_time

Creation_Date

less_than

Restricted_Issuer

FT_Transaction

Portfolio_Manager

Trader

Regular_PortfolioRegular_Portfolio

measure

Portfolio

market_value

TAV

Dollar: lt100k

Dispose_Recommendation

Security

owner

Client

receiver

Gold_Portfolio

Dollar: 100k_to_lt1m

Portfolio

TAV

measure

Gold_Portfolio

market_value

Platinum_Portfolio

Dollar: egt1m

measure

Platinum_Portfolio

market_value

Portfolio

TAV

placer Agent

characteristic

Investment_Firm: TRA_Inc.

Client

Restricted_Issuer

owner

event_subjectevent_subject

Cash_Movement

Cash_Asset: 10pct

greater_than

Order

TAV

part

market_value

sum

sourcedestination

FT_Transaction

Dollardestination

source

Asset

Portfolio_Manager

Trader

Regular_PortfolioRegular_Portfolio

measure

Portfolio

market_value

TAV

Dollar: lt100k

Transaction

part

Issuer

Dispose_Recommendation

Security

owner

Client

receiver

Gold_Portfolio

Dollar: 100k_to_lt1m

Portfolio

TAV

measure

Gold_Portfolio

market_value

Portfolioconsists

measure

Positionholder

Platinum_Portfolio

Dollar: egt1m

measure

Platinum_Portfolio

market_value

Portfolio

TAV

delegate

Held_Time: egt30days

characteristic

Trade_Datepoint_in_time

Creation_Date

less_than

As a Conceptual Structure(Logical Level)

measure

Platinum_Portfolio

definition

TAV

Client

delegate

measuremeasure

owner Dollar: lt100k Dollar: 100k_to_lt1m

Regular_Portfolio

Message

Gold_Portfolio

TAV

Investment_Firm: TRA_Inc.

part

TAV

event_subject

event_subjectevent_subject

Cash_Movement

Cash_Asset: 10pct

Order

greater_than

part

market_value

source

destination

Dollardestination

source

Asset

Transaction

part

can_be

FT_Transaction

Held_Time: egt30days

characteristic

placer

Trader

¬Portfolio_Manager

source

TAV

sum

characteristic

Trade_Datepoint_in_time

Creation_Date

less_than

can_include

placer Portfolio_Manager

market_value

¬Trader

characteristic

market_value

¬Restricted_Issuer

market_value

Issuer

PortfolioconsistsPosition

holder

measure

can_becan_be

Dispose_Recommendation

Downgraded_Security Dollar: egt1m

Polovina & Andrews (2013)

As a Conceptual Structure(Mathematical Level)

Polovina & Andrews (2013)

Redefined(Logical Level)

measure

Platinum_Portfolio

definition

TAV

Client

delegate

measuremeasure

owner Dollar: lt100k Dollar: 100k_to_lt1m

Regular_Portfolio

Message

Gold_Portfolio

TAV

Investment_Firm: TRA_Inc.

min_pct_of

part

manager_of

TAV

event_subject

event_subjectevent_subject

addend_of

Cash_Movement

Cash_Asset: 10pct

Order

greater_than

addend_of

part

market_value

addend_of

source

destination

Dollar

destination

source

Asset

Transaction

part

trader_of

can_be

FT_Transaction

Held_Time: egt30days

characteristic

placer

Trader

¬Portfolio_Manager

source

TAV

sum

characteristic

Trade_Datepoint_in_time

Creation_Date

greater_than

policy_of

can_include

placer Portfolio_Manager

market_value

¬Trader

characteristic_of

market_value

¬Restricted_Issuer

market_value

Issuer

PortfolioconsistsPosition

holder

measure

can_becan_be

Dispose_Recommendation

ext_agent_of

Downgraded_Security Dollar: egt1m

Polovina & Andrews (2013)

As a Conceptual Structure(Mathematical Level)

Polovina & Andrews (2013)

Concluding Remarks

• Explored Models• Enterprise Architecture• Concepts and Structures• Examples

– Sheffield Hallam University– Financial Trading

• Conceptual, Logical & Mathematical• Questions?

References

See Notes