Martin Lutz - (Abordar la contaminació de l’aire a Berlín: la Zona de Baixa Emissió i altres mesures relacionades amb el transport)

Senatsverwaltung für Gesundheit, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz, Referat III D, M. Lutz1

Tackling air pollution in Tackling air pollution in Berlin: the low emission zone Berlin: the low emission zone & other transport related measures& other transport related measures

Martin LutzSenate Department for Health, Environment

and Consumer ProtectionDirectorate III, Environment Policy

current compliance situation

source analysis

why a low emission zone (LEZ)?

LEZ impact analysis

other transport measures & their likely impact

problems, pros & cons


Introduction

Berlin: a few facts...

� economic stagnation/slowgrowth due to severestructural changes after fall of the wall� per capita income 30% below

Hamburg

� ageing population, butslower process thanelsewhere

� low commuter numbers & car density


AQ assessment in Berlin �� modelled NO2 in main roads

�� 20% of all main road sections in non20% of all main road sections in non --attainmentattainment

20052005

IntroductionIntroduction�� assessing nonassessing non --attainmentattainment


IntroductionIntroduction�� source analysissource analysis

sources of roadside NO2 pollution

sources of roadside PM2.5 pollution

Basis: NOx modelling

traffic32%

other sources7%

local traffic54%

regional backgroundca 7%

urban background

other sources11%

combustion in energy and tranformation

industries9%

resuspension + abrasion by traffic

4%

road transport9%

road transport7%


2%combustion in manufacturing

industry2%

solvent and other product use

5%

production processes8%

non-industrial combustion

10%agriculture

4%

waste treatment and disposal

0%


industries1%

road transport12%

combustion in manufacturing

industry0% resuspension +

abrasion by traffic3%

other sources4%

other mobile sources and machinery

4%


additional combustion1%


3%

other sources11%


industries9%


4%

road transport9%

road transport7%


2%combustion in manufacturing

industry2%

solvent and other product use

5%



10%agriculture

4%

waste treatment and disposal

0%


industries1%

road transport

12%combustion in manufacturing industry

0% resuspension + abrasion by traffic

3%

other sources4%

other mobile sources and machinery

4%


additional combustion1%


3%

Berlin, 2007

urban background

large -scalebackground

local traffic

origin of kerbside PM2.5 and NO2 in Berlinorigin of kerbside PM2.5 and NO2 in Berlin

homemade vehicle tailpipe contribution


Clean Air Plan Berlin Clean Air Plan Berlin ��listlist of of actionsactions

�� Large Large StationaryStationary sourcessources : : � Best Available Technology; already largely exhausted

�� DomesticDomestic heatingheating : : � cleaner fuels (nat. gas), heat&power cogeneration� promotion of energy saving measures� renewables (but strict emission limit values for woo d fired burners)

� option: stricter emissions standards for wood heating sys tems (< 10 mg/m³)� synergies with new Berlin energy program

� aim: 25% less CO2-emission by 2010 (relative to 199 0)☺ only few single coal fired stoves left (<2% of all flats);

�� Construction: Construction: � Guidelines & information about dust abatement measures� Regulations based on Berlin‘s regional Pollution Cont rol Act

�� Transport:Transport:� Cleaner vehicles and fuels (CRT retrofit & CNG)

� municipal vehicle fleet (CRT retrofit & CNG)� filter retrofit of passenger cruising ships�� LEZLEZ (low emission zone)

� Less traffic through sustainable transport- and city planning� master plan transport, “StEP”

� Optimized traffic management� Speed limits (30 km/h)� Ban of heavy duty vehicles in single streets� ...


Cleaner vehiclesCleaner vehicles and fuelsfuels ……....� cleaning up the municipal vehicle fleetmunicipal vehicle fleet

� particle filter: police, buses� 1000 old buses retrofitted with CRT since 1999� full CRT coverage by 2008

� compressed natural gas & biogas: � 25% of garbage collection vehicles, 50% by 2008� 15 buses running on CNG and 5 on hydrogen

� SCRT retrofit for public buses� retrofit programme of about 100 buses planned

� CNG (compressed natural gas) forprivate & commercial Diesel vehiclesDiesel vehicles� 1000 private cars: Gas-vouchers & tax refunds� 1000 taxis and driving schools: funding of new

CNG-vehicles� 100 HGVs&LGVs : funding of new vehicles

running on CNG

� network of natural gas refilling stations (14 stations by now)� increasing share of biogas

Clean Air Plan Berlin Clean Air Plan Berlin �� transporttransport measuresmeasures


�� particleparticle filterfilter in in passengerpassenger cruisecruise shipsships


pilot project 2008-2010:

• retrofit of 3 vessels with different filtersystems

• monitoring of filter efficiency, performanceand handling during routine operation


�� impactimpact of of cleaningcleaning up up thethe municipalmunicipal fleetfleet and and vehiclesvehiclesoperatorsoperators of 100 of 100 largestlargest logisticlogistic firmsfirms ......

-70,0%

-60,0%

-50,0%

-40,0%

-30,0%

-20,0%

-10,0%

0,0%

expe

cted

em

issi

on r

educ

tion

in %

of

the

tren

d sc

enar

io

NOxexhaust-PMtotal-PM

all vehiclesEuro IV + PF

busses Euro V

implementation 2010

municipalfleet

big fleets of 100 largestdelivery services and logistic firms

all vehiclesEuro IV + PF

busses Euro V



Problems in BerlinProblems in Berlin ……�� again again (after 2 years compliance)(after 2 years compliance) excess excess of PM10of PM10�� widespread excess of NO2 (up to 50%) in widespread excess of NO2 (up to 50%) in central central main roadsmain roads�� local scalelocal scale traffic restrictions merely shiftshift problem in other roads �� shortshort --termterm temporary traffic restrictions not effectivenot effective during pollution episodes�� previous measures insufficientprevious measures insufficient

� modernisation of municipal fleet, � funding scheme for CNG-vehicles� shift to clean transport modes by traffic planning

Solution for wide-spread traffic-related pollution…� LEZ: selective traffic ban for high polluting vehicles

� large-scale: not only in single roads but covering thewhole (potential) non-attainment area

� durable: not only on days in excess of 24h-limit value� transition period (Berlin > 2 ½ years) prior to the start

� ensures proportionality� Berlin: no general exemptions for residents and commercial traffic� some individual temporal exemptions possible

Umwelt

LEZ BerlinLEZ Berlin �� reasonsreasons


Low Emission Zones in Europe

LEZ found in :� Sweden: 5 � Denmark: 5 � UK: 2� Germany: 40� Czech: 1� Austria 3 (motorways)� Italy: 7 regions� Netherlands 17� Hungary 1 plannedMore information:

Low Emission Zone in Europe Network (LEEZEN):

www.lowemissionzones.eu

But no harmonisation:

on vehicle categories

on emission criteria

on technical standards for retrofitting

on vehicle labelling

on traffic signs


Berlin LEZ Berlin LEZ �� emissionemission citeriaciteria

Area:

about 88 km²(Berlin total area: 892 km²)

Inhabitants:

about 1 Million

(Berlin total: 3,4 Mio)

Stage 1: since 1.1.2008� Diesel vehicles: at least Euro 2

or Euro 1 & retrofit� Gasoline vehicles: at least Euro 1� 7% of vehicle fleet affected

Stage 2: since 1.1.2010� Diesel: Particle emission Euro 4:� cars: Euro 3 + particle filter or

better� goods vehicles: also retrofit of

Euro 1-3 towards Euro 4 Particle� 10% of the vehicle fleet affected


……based on based on model scenario calculationsmodel scenario calculationsexpected impactexpected impact compared to compared to „„ business as usualbusiness as usual ““ without interventionwithout intervention

LEZ stage 2, as from 2010: impact on emissionsimpact on emissions

� ~50% less PM-exhaust emissions� cars/LDVs: ~35%

� HDVs: ~15%

� ~10% less PM & NOx- total traffic emissions

impact on pollution levels

� ~5-10% decrease of PM10 annual mean

� ~4% decrease of NO2 annual mean

� ~10-15 less days >50 µg/m³PM10

� ~10.ooo less residents living along main roads in the LEZ in non-compliance with PM standards (20-25% reduction)

LEZ stage 1, as from 2008:impact on emissionsimpact on emissions

� ~15% less PM-exhaust emissions

� cars/LDVs: ~10%

� HDVs: ~5%

impact on pollution levels

� ~3% decrease of PM10 annual mean

� ~5 decrease in days >50 µg/m³PM10

LEZ BerlinLEZ Berlin�� forecasted forecasted impactimpact

4S - UM 434

S - UM 432

S - UM 432

S - UM 43


Slide 13

1.1. impactimpact onon traffictraffic flowsflows ??� has road traffic decreased within the LEZ? � has road traffic been re-routed to areas outside the LEZ?� has road traffic been avoided?

�� monitoringmonitoring of of traffictraffic flowsflows

2.2. effecteffect on on thethe vehiclevehicle fleetfleet compositioncomposition ??� change in the characteristic of the registered vehicle fl eet?� change in the real fleet on the roads in & outside the LEZ ?

�� evaluationevaluation of of vehiclevehicle registrationregistration datadata basebase

�� monitoringmonitoring of real of real vehiclevehicle fleetfleet

3.3. impactimpact on on thethe pollutionpollution emissionsemissions fromfrom roadroad traffictraffic ??�� calculationcalculation of of thethe exhaustexhaust emissionsemissions

�� comparisioncomparision withwith defaultdefault fleetfleet and and situationsituation before/afterbefore/after LEZLEZ

4.4. impactimpact on on thethe airair qualityquality ? ? �� evaluationevaluation of of thethe routineroutine airair qualityquality monitoringmonitoring datadata : PM10, PM2.5, NO, NO2, NOx: PM10, PM2.5, NO, NO2, NOx�� evaluationevaluation of extra AQ of extra AQ measurementsmeasurements : : PMPM--speciesspecies (EC, OC, sec. PM, passive (EC, OC, sec. PM, passive samplerssamplers ) )

�� dispersiondispersion modellingmodelling withwith LEZLEZ--relatedrelated emissionemission reductionreduction ((notnot yetyet donedone ))

LEZ – real impact analysis�� approachapproach


low emission zonelow emission zone

impactimpact of of thethe LEZ on LEZ on traffictraffic volumesvolumes in in thethe citycitytrend of traffic volumes 2002-2008 inside and outside of the low emission zone

2002 = 100%

Conclusions

• general decrease of

traffic volumes 2002

und 2009.

• stringer decrease

outside LEZ

• larger reduction

between 2007 und

2008 is LEZ-

independent

• no visible traffic

deviation due to LEZ

Conclusions

• general decrease of

traffic volumes 2002

und 2009.

• stringer decrease

outside LEZ

• larger reduction

between 2007 und

2008 is LEZ-

independent

• no visible traffic

deviation due to LEZ

Berlin LEZ – real impact analysis�� impactimpact on on traffictraffic

inside LEZ outside LEZ

100%100%

100%100%

95,7%95,7%

97,1%97,1%

88,3%88,3%

91,8%91,8%

95,7%95,7%

97,5%97,5%

91,0%91,0%

90,9%90,9%

95,1%95,1%

93,4%93,4%

91,2%91,2%

90,2%90,2%

+

100%100%

100%100%

99,9%99,9%

99,2%99,2%

95,9%95,9%

97,5%97,5%

97,3%97,3%

95,5%95,5%

97,6%97,6%

94,9%94,9%

98,2%98,2%

93,2%93,2%

92,1%92,1%

89,6%89,6%

91,1%91,1%

90,1%90,1%

87,9%87,9%

94,6%94,6%


Share of Share of registeredregistered vehiclesvehicles withwith

Berlin LEZ – real impact analysis�� impactimpact on on fleetfleet compositioncomposition

Positive impact of Berlin's LEZ on the registered v ehicle fleet

96%91%

81%

54%59%

31%

90%92%

85% 88% 90%

60%

49%

48%

39%

19%

37%

20%

1%

17%

25%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Jan 2006 Jan 2008 Jan 2009 Jan 2010

Sha

re o

f reg

iste

red

vehi

cles

with

gr

een

stic

ker

Trend

Trend

Trend

UWZ

UWZ

UWZ

all cars

Diesel cars

goods vehiclesLEZ stage 1 LEZ stage 2

4S - UM 434

S - UM 43


beforebefore --afterafter comparisoncomparison of of thethefleetfleet compositioncomposition at Frankfurter Allee at Frankfurter Allee

Berlin LEZ – real impact analysis�� impactimpact on on fleetfleet compositioncomposition

Fleet characteristic at Frankfurter Allee based on n umber plate recognition before and after introduction of Berlin‘s LEZ in 2008/9

6% 5%

37%

30% 28%23%

7% 6%

24%

20%

32%

26% 29%

23%

26%

21%

36%

32%

29%

27%

40%

36%58%

50%

34%

44%

17%

3%

18%

9%

23%

17%

4%

21%

11%

40%

33%

22%

52%

5%

16%

10%

47%

39%

32%

50%

8% 7%

15%

10%

41%

31%

53%

36%

10%6%

28%

20%

62%73%

2%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Feb07

beforeLEZ

Sep08

Sep09

Trend09

no

LEZ

Feb Sep08

Sep09

Trend09noLEZ

Feb Sep08

Sep09

Trend09noUWZ

Feb Sep08

Sep09

Trend09noUWZ

Pass. Cars Diesel LGV Diesel HGV 3,5 - 7,5 t HGV > 7,5

4 - green3 - yellow2 - red1 - no sticker

07

beforeLEZ

07

beforeLEZ

07

beforeLEZ


Berlin LEZ – real impact analysis�� NOx emissions

LEZ LEZ impactimpact : : changechange of of NOxNOx emissionsemissions fromfrom roadroad traffictrafficbasedbased on on fleetfleet compositioncomposition at Frankfurter Allee (at Frankfurter Allee (newnew emissionemission factorfactor datadata basebase HBEFaHBEFa 3.1)3.1)

0

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

6.000

7.000

8.000

9.000

10.000

Total Cars LGV HGV

NO

x ve

hicl

e em

issi

ons

[t/a]

2007Trend 2008 without LEZTrend 2009 without LEZLEZ 2008LEZ 2009

----15%15%15%15%

----19%19%19%19%

status of Sept 09


LEZ LEZ impactimpact : : changechange of of particleparticle exhaustexhaust emissionsemissionsbasedbased on on fleetfleet compositioncomposition at Frankfurter Allee at Frankfurter Allee ((newnew emissionemission factorfactor datadata basebase HBEFaHBEFa 3.1)3.1)

Berlin LEZ – real impact analysis�� particle tailpipe emissions

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Total Cars LGV HGV

Par

ticle

veh

icle

exh

aust

pip

e em

issi

ons

[t/a]

2007Trend 2008 without LEZTrend 2009 without LEZLEZ 2008LEZ 2009

----35%35%35%35%

----21%21%21%21%

emissions extrapolated to the entire main road network based on the fleet composition at Frankfurter Allee (without DPF retrofit, only warm emissions, no cold start impact)


identifying the impact on the air qualityProblems:� strong dependency of pollution concentrations on weather conditions

� additional dependency of emissions and pollution levels on local trafficconditions

approach: � evaluation of routine air quality data

� differentiation kerbside – urban background – periphery� evaluation of additional PM speciation data , e.g. black carbon� taking account of changes in the traffic volumes� compare with trend in dispersion related meteo parameters

� using the results of a source apportionment study on PM2.5 in 2007 and model results for NO2-source analysis

� applying the calculated reduction of PM10- & NOx- emissio ns on themeasured & modelled %-contribution of traffic to total pollution levels

LEZ – real impact analysis�� pollution concentration


soot + organic material from

vehicle exhaust in Berlin

14%secondary particles from

NOx-emissionen

from traffic in Berlin

8%

resuspension + abrasion from traffic in Berlin

7%

other sources in Berlin15%

other sources outside Berlin

47%

traffic outside Berlin

9%

based on the results of the PM2.5-source apportionment i n a main road in Berlin‘s city centre

applying theemission reductionof the LEZ

of -35% EC & OC

�� - 4.9% PM2,5

of -19% NOx

�- 1.5% PM2,5

Σ = - 6.4 % PM2,5

related to PM10:- 4.5 % PM10(70% PM2,5 in PM10)

LEZ – real impact analysis�� pollution concentration

largely independent from traffic and meteo changes


BerlinBerlin LEZ LEZ –– real real impactimpact analysisanalysis�� sootsoot concentrationconcentration

102%

113%

100%

106%

131%

138%

100%

114%116% 115%

100%

114%

118%

113%

100%

84%

130%

119%

86%

80%

100%

120%

140%

160%

180%

200%

220%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

2005 2006 2007 2008

relative trend of annual mean EC levels

2007=100%

traffic-adjusted trend of soot levels in main roads within and outside of the low emission zone

share of weather conditions with low wind speed <2. 4m/s,2007=100%

Radon measurements 2007=100%

share of dry days 2007=100%

mean of 10 sites within the LEZ, traffic -adjusted

parameters as a measure for bad meteorological disp ersion

relative trend of dispersion

-

related parameters

LEZ introduced


BerlinBerlin LEZ LEZ –– real real impactimpact analysisanalysis�� NO2-concentration

�� 5-10% decrease also recorded with 4 automatic instrumen ts at raffic sites

102%

113%

100%106%

131%

138%

100%

114%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2005 2006 2007 2008

urba

n-co

ntrib

utio

n of

NO

2 –

[µg/

m³]

80%

100%

120%

140%

160%

180%

200%

share of periods with low wind <2.4m/s, 2007=100%

Radon levels 2007=100%

urban contribution averaged over 10 passive samplers inside LEZ

urban contribution averaged over 10 passive samplers outside LEZ

-8%

traffic adjusted trend of Berlin's contribution to NO2- levels in mai n roads in and outside of the low emission zone

urban contribution = kerbside levels -upwind levels at city periphery (ca 10 -12 µg/m³)

LEZ introduced


� no visible shift of traffic into surrounding areas

� significant change in the vehicle fleet composition:� fewer „dirty“ vehicle (<E1):

�LGV/HGV: only 4-7% instead of 30 %

� more clean vehicles (E4):�cars 73% instead of 44%, �lorries 50% instead of 17-23%

� decrease of traffic emissions on top of trend :� exhaust particles: - 35 %; NOx: - 19 %

� LEZ is most effective single measure, if� based on ambitious emission criteria ��

� covering a larger area� introduced not too late �� ~2010-12� exemptions are limitedpossible benefit for the air quality

�� 10% reduction of PM10/2.5 & NO2, black carbon decrease ~20%�� 10-15 less excess days > 50 µg/m³ PM10

LEZ LEZ �� rréésumesume éé

4S - UM 434

S - UM 43


LEZ LEZ �� pros & conspros & cons� Objective:

�faster modernisation of vehicle fleet � Criteria : When should a LEZ be considered?

high contribution of urban traffic-related air pollutants air quality limit values exceeded in many urban streets low proportion of through traffic or no alternative routes

� Advantages :☺ aims specifically at the highest emitting vehicles ☺ rewards vehicle owners who invested in clean vehicles☺ reduces the emission of the overall vehicle fleet a ll over the LEZ ��

decrease in all streets �� decrease of urban background concentrations�� decreasing urban population exposure

☺ proven benefit for air quality☺ controls the most hazardous component of PM (�� black carbon)

� Disadvantages : financial burden for owners of high emitting vehicl es

� in particular for small business in Germany: every car owner has to buy a sticker to facilitate control administrative effort for granting individual exemp tions

Umwelt


sufficiently long transition period few exemptions from traffic ban intensive public information effective enforcement & sanctions

LEZ LEZ �� whatwhat ’’s neededs needed (national) vehicle classification scheme in force in time

�� EU-wide regulation !? �� national/EU

technical criteria for retrofit systems to be set early�� EU-wide regulation, at least cross-border compatibili ty!!�� prohibit increase of NO2-emissions !! �� EU/national

sufficient market coverage for retrofit kits, in particularfor commercial vehicles

economic incentives �� national/local� tax discounts, funding for cleaner/retrofitted vehicle s

(with particle trap, CNG, hybrid, etc.) stricter vehicle emission standards �� EU

(�� EU-wide regulation !!)

�� local

But, LEZ alone not sufficient , needs to be supplemented by…


Berlin transport strategy�� portfolio of measures

Speed limits

re-allocation of road space in

favour of cyclists & pedestrians

traffic light synchronisationoptimising vehicle flow

Traffic bans

Parking management

re-routing through trafficPromotion of sustainable

transport modes & car sharing

- extra bus lanes- traffic light priority for bus& tram


Berlin‘s transport strategy��improving cycling



components:




Folie 20

Sustainable Urban Mobility - The Berlin StrategySustainable Urban Mobility - The Berlin Strategy

1 Environment Environment Environment Environment

• Most efficient measure:Promotion of bicycle traffic,“Zero emission vehicle”.

• Bicycle traffic in combinationwith public transport eliminates the “speed gap”to cars

• Most efficient measure:Promotion of bicycle traffic,“Zero emission vehicle”.

• Bicycle traffic in combinationwith public transport eliminates the “speed gap”to cars


Vorhandene Bewirtschaftungsgebiete

Potenzielle Erweiterungsgebiete

Vorhandene Bewirtschaftungsgebiete

Potenzielle Erweiterungsgebiete

planned enlargement of areas with parking fees (~2€ /hour in central areas)

existing areas

future enlargement

Clean Air plan Clean Air plan �� transport planningtransport planning


Berlin‘s transport strategy��current trend in modal split

on foot by bike public transport

motor vehicles

used

mea

ns o

f tra

nspo

rt in

%


trend of traffic volumes 2002-2008 inside and outside of the low emission zone

2002 = 100%

Berlin transport strategy�� impactimpact on on traffictraffic volumesvolumes

inside LEZ outside LEZ++

100%100%

100%100%

99,9%99,9%

99,2%99,2%

95,9%95,9%

97,5%97,5%

97,3%97,3%

95,5%95,5%

97,6%97,6%

94,9%94,9%

98,2%98,2%

93,2%93,2%

92,1%92,1%

89,6%89,6%

91,1%91,1%

90,1%90,1%

100%100%

100%100%

99,9%99,9%

99,2%99,2%

95,9%95,9%

97,5%97,5%

97,3%97,3%

95,5%95,5%

97,6%97,6%

94,9%94,9%

98,2%98,2%

93,2%93,2%

92,1%92,1%

89,6%89,6%

91,1%91,1%

90,1%90,1%

-10%


Änderung der Kfz-Belastung Szenario 3 gegenüber Szenario 1Änderung der KfzÄnderung der Kfz --Belastung Belastung Szenario 3 gegenüber Szenario 1Szenario 3 gegenüber Szenario 1

50.000 100.00075.00025.000

Anzahl Kfz produrchschnittlichem Werktag

Zunahme Szenario 3 gegenüber Szenario 1

Abnahme Szenario 3 gegenüber Szenario 1

Berlin‘s transport strategy��expected traffic reduction

increase

decrease

change in traffic volume in relation to a trend scenario


-60,0%

-50,0%

-40,0%

-30,0%

-20,0%

-10,0%

0,0%

expe

cted

em

issi

on r

educ

tion

in %

of t

he tr

end

scen

ario

NOxexhaust-PMtotal-PM

�� impactimpact of of transporttransport planningplanning ((„„ StEPStEP““ ) ) andand LEZLEZEmission Emission reductionreduction in in relationrelation to to thethe trendtrend scenarioscenario 20102010

all Diesel vehiclesEuro III + particle filter(PF)

implementation 2010

LEZ & transport measuresLEZ & transport measures�� expected impactexpected impact

extra benefitof less traffic


traffic management measures�� potential impact on air quality

� shift modal split from motor traffic to clean transpo rt modes� Berlin‘s planning objective:

-10% less motor traffic in 10-15 years results in up to -10% NO2, 3-4% less total PM10

� optimizing traffic flows (progressive signal systems) :� impact difficult to quantify

�� local effect, traffic signal coordination works onlyin one direction, potentially negative effects on

cross-roads�conflict with acceleration of bus/tram� risk that gained road capacities will attract more traffic�small net gain in pollution control

� truck ban: � example HEAVEN project: up to 20% less NO2 , -7% PM

�� only local effect in single roads, merely shift to other roads, no net reduction

� speed limit 30km/h:� example Schildhornstraße Berlin: 10 % less NO 2, -6% PM

if traffic light coordination with 30 km/h works wellspeed limit is enforced

�� also less noise and traffic accidents


� a lot can be done on local level� problems solved? Not quite.....Little to no downward trend of NO2 level in EU cities. ..

urban air quality management urban air quality management ��resumeresume éé

longterm trend of nitrogen oxide levels in Berlin

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

µg/m³

NO- roadside

NO2 roadside

NO2-residential areas

NO2-periphery

EU limit value for NO 2


� NO2 direct emissions of cars & LGV increased up to Euro 4 due to lack of re gulation� HGV up to Euro V show no decrease of NOx emissions under real urban conditions

traffic related local NO2-pollution "factor" calculated from HBEFA3.1 emission factors NO2+0.6*(NOx-NO2) for average urban driving cycle

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

160%

180%

Euro-0 Euro-1 Euro-2 Euro-3 Euro-4 Euro-5 Euro-6

tra

ffic

re

late

d N

O2

-po

llu

tio

n (

Eu

ro1

= 1

00

%) HGV

urban bus

Emissionstandard HGV

expectation

reality

real NOx emissions of heavy duty vehicles in urban driv ing conditions:

EU vehicle emission control policy has largely flopped ! full compliance with NO2 air quality standards even by 2015 will be terribly difficult�� air pollution problems, in particular from traffic, can not be solved only by municipalities

NO2-limit value

modelled NO2- levels at traffic site Stuttgart Neckartor

scenariocalculation for a traffic site in Stuttgart (Germany):

LV excess evenin 2020 and evenif all vehicles wereEuro 6/VI

source: Udo Lambrecht IFEU Institute 2010

� only Euro 6/VI will (hopefully) bring about a tangible reduction of N Ox & NO2 in cities� but Euro 6/VI mandatory only 2014/15, won‘t help to attain NO2 AQ standards by 2010/2015

urban air quality management urban air quality management ��resumeresume éé


Thanksfor

listening!

For more information on � Berlin‘s LEZ see www.berlin.de/umweltzone (also in EN & FR)� LEZ in Germany see http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/umweltzonen/index.htm

� LEZ-cities in Europe visit www.lowemissionzones.eu , the website of theEuropean Network of LEZ-cities (LEEZEN)

� transport related measures in EU cities visit www.civitas.eu

Business

Martin Lutz - (Abordar la contaminació de l’aire a Berlín: la Zona de Baixa Emissió i altres mesures relacionades amb el transport)