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Remediation of
Complex Contaminated Sites:
a Practical Guideline
26th IPMA World Congress
Crete, Greece, 2012
Philippe Vallat, Guido Schommer, Lea Meister
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites1
Content
• Introduction: – Environmental protection authorities
– Complex contaminated sites
• Complexity:– Main challenges
– Dimensions
– Complexity graphs
• Success factors:– Overview
– The 10 golden rules
• References
• Authors
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites2
Distinction btw complex and
complicated: the Cynefin Framework
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites4
INTRODUCTION
Remediation of Complex Contaminated Sites: a Practical Guideline
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites5
The environmental protection
authorities in Switzerland
• Federal office for the
environnement FOEN
• Other federal
authorities (e.g. Federal
office for transports,
Federal Department of
Defense, …)
• 26 cantonal authorities
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites6
Complex contaminated sites:
e.g. DIB Bonfol
• Landfill exploited 1961-
1976
• 114 000 tons of
hazardous waste
• Surface 20 000 m2
• Remediation:
– Ca. 15 years
– Ca. 300 Mio €
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites7
www.bci-info.ch
Complex contaminated sites:
e.g. SMDK Kölliken
• Landfill exploited 1978-
1985
• 555 000 tons of
hazardous waste
• Surface 70 000 m2
• Remediation:
– Ca. 15 years
– Ca. 600 Mio €
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites8
www.smdk.ch
Complex contaminated sites
Characteristics:
• Problem and solution are unknown
• XXL project
• Long duration
• Multiple authorities (e.g. international, national, regional, cantonal, communal, …)
• Socio-political
Challenges:
• Technical
• Legal
• High political and social pressure
• Limited resources
• Limited PM skills
• Limited skills in complexity management
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites9
COMPLEXITY
Remediation of Complex Contaminated Sites: a Practical Guideline
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites10
The main challenges
• The contaminated site
– How to keep the general view on the multiple
dimensions?
• The project context
– How to deal with media, social and political scrutiny?
• Time
– How fast shall a decades old problem be solved?
• The role of the authority
– How to decide under high uncertainty?
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites11
Logical levels
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites12
Global remediation projectGlobal remediation project
Remediation
project
Party responsible
for remediation
Execution
procedure
Authorities
Global remediation project
Remediation
project
Party responsible
for remediation
Execution
procedure
Authorities
Logical level Terminology Content Ownership
Content Remediation project Technical
remediation project
Party responsible for
remediation
Process Execution procedure All the project
dimensions
Authority
Paradigm shift: from content (only)
to content AND process
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites13
The 4 dimensions
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites14
Science &
TechniqueLegal Social Management
WBS
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites15
Global remediation
Environnement
Water
Soil
Air
Waste
Health
Public health
Comestible goods
Safety
Land planning
Land planning
Land usage
Constructions
Legal
Vertical coordination
Neighbour countries
Confederation
Neighbour cantons
Districts
Communes
Horizontal coordination
Environnement
Land planning
Health
Legal procedures
Liabilities
Formal procedures
Public procurement
Contracts
Finances
Operation budgets
Investment budgets
OTAS fund
Cantonal funds
Cost partition
Communication
Internal communication
External communication
Participation
PM
Objectives
Phases, schedule
Budget
Project organisation
Risk management
Steering and follow-up
Information and documentation
Complexity levels
D C B A
Parameter
or variable
Well known and
easily
manageable with
the standard
practices and
procedures of
the authority
Manageable
with the
standard
practices and
procedures of
the authority
Exceeds the
ordinary
capacities of the
organization
Exceeds largely
the ordinary
capacities of the
organization.
High degree of
uncertainty
Needs No particular
need for special
procedure or
special resources
Analysis and
internal
coordination
Working in
projects, relying
on extraordinary
resources and
experts
Working in
projects, with
extraordinary
resources and
expertise.
Innovation
Problem Simple Complicated Complicated Complex
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites16
Complexity matrix (e.g.)
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites17
Parameter Questions Possible answersD C B A
TECHNICAL
Total volume or thickness
What is the volume? < 10'000m3
or < 2m10-50'000m3
or 2-5m50-100'000m3
or 5-10m>100'000m3
or > 10mUncertainty What is the uncertainty? < 10% 10-20% 20-50% > 50%
LEGALComplexity of the procedure
Which are the importantlegal steps? How are the decisions taken?
Simpledecision of one authority
Decision of executive authority, including internal consultation
Decision of executive authority, including external consultation
More complex procedure:legislative, popular vote etc.
SOCIALPublic reputation of party respons. for remediation
How is the party perceived by the public and by opinion leaders?
Neutral Disinterest Considered as «guilty»
Considered as «victim»
MANAGEMENT
Clarity of objectives
Have objectives been defined? How are they continuously reviewed?
Defined, understood
Defined, poorlyunderstood
Defined, uncertain
Undefined, uncertain
Complexity graph (e.g.)
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites18
Pollution potential
Dispersion of
hazardous substances
Goods which
need to be protected
Urgency of
remediation
Surroundings and
accessibility
Particular hazards
Technical solution
Uncertainty about
total volume
Total volume
The problemThe solution
Structure for defining objectivesType of
results
Description Time Examples
Outputs Products, goods and
services
short
term
• Realized and documented
investigations
• Communicated decisions
• Executed remediation
Outcomes Effects on the goods
which need to be
protected, on the
concerned (group of)
people
middle
term
• Decreasing or suppressed danger
• Utilization of the good which needs
to be protected
• Satisfaction of the concerned
people
Impacts Effects on the whole
population
middle
and long
term
• Environment quality
• Quality of life
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites19
Examples of possible objectives
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites20
Role
Possible outcomes
Science and
technic
Legal Social Management
Authority Re-establishing
the legal
compliance
Regulatory
compliance
(construction,
health,
environmental,
…)
Confidence of
the population
Deadline for the
remediation
Party
responsible
for
remediation
Reuse of the real
property
Legal security Reputation Costs
optimization /
minimization,
deadline for
remediation
Geological
consultant
New know-how Legal
compliance
(prevent civil
responsibility)
Reputation Economics
SUCCESS FACTORS
Remediation of Complex Contaminated Sites: a Practical Guideline
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites21
Key success factors
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites22
The 10 golden rules
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites23
1. STRUCTURE Identify the relevant themes and dimensions, establish the decision-making
process, the communication and the controlling.
2. RESOURCES Endow the project with enough and dedicated resources, early enough.
3. THE RIGHT PEOPLE Designate a coordinator with high social competences; endow her with
resources, competences and legitimacy. Establish a multidisciplinary and cross-
department project team with all required experts.
4. COMMUNITY
PARTICIPATION
Identify and get in contact with the concerned communities and stakeholders:
establish community participation and a culture of dialog.
5. TIME Find the balance between taking time for reflexion and loosing time in
undecision. Avoid quick shots, think in the long term, make sure that the
project progresses continuously.
6. TRUST Establish and nurture trust with the quality and transparency of the project
work and steering. Take good care of interpersonal relationships.
7. STEERING Endorse the project leadership : ensure a structured and transparent process,
manage risks actively, take the necessary decisions.
8. WORK-LIFE BALANCE Look after the work-life balance of the project members: workload, stress,
emotional load and exposure to criticism.
9. COURAGE Assume risks, uncertainties and unknowns, take timely decision, manage the
conflicts.
10. HUMILITY Accept your limits, the unknown and learn from mistakes.
Any (toxic) question?
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites24
Authors
Philippe Vallat
Conseil & Formation
Ch. du Couchant 23
CH-1752 Villars-sur-Glâne
Switzerland
http://projetscomplexes.blogspot.com
Twitter: @vallatph
On behalf of the FOEN
Federal Office for the Environment
CH-3003 Bern
Switzerland
www.bafu.admin.ch
Guido Schommer, Lea Meister
reflecta ag
Schwarztorstr. 56
Postfach 530
CH-3000 Bern 14
Switzerland
www.reflecta.ch
Ph. Vallat et al.,
IPMA World Congress 2012
Remediation of complex
contaminated sites25
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IPMA World Congress 2012
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contaminated sites26