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inflation types..and causes...and remedies...
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Muhammad Aamir KiyaniMuhammad Aamir Kiyani
Inflation?Inflation?
Continuous Continuous riserise inin
pricesprices
Types of Types of Inflation Inflation according according to to RATE RATE
““When the rise in When the rise in prices is very low prices is very low like that of a snail like that of a snail
or creeper, is or creeper, is called Creeping called Creeping
Inflation”Inflation”
Prices rise Prices rise moderatelymoderately
Prices rise rapidlyPrices rise rapidly
Also called Runway or Galloping inflationAlso called Runway or Galloping inflation
Immeasurable and uncontrollableImmeasurable and uncontrollable
Prices rise very fast Prices rise very fast at double or triple at double or triple digit rate.digit rate.
Also called Runway Also called Runway or Galloping or Galloping InflationInflation
Quantity TheoryQuantity TheoryDemand Pull TheoryDemand Pull TheoryCost Push theoryCost Push theory
Quantity theory:Quantity theory:The quantity theory of inflation states that The quantity theory of inflation states that too much too much money money in the economy leads to the in the economy leads to the inflation.inflation.
%change in the money supply same % change in the overall price %change in the money supply same % change in the overall price levellevel
Y= total output producedM=amount of money available in an economyV=the velocity of moneyP=the overall price level in an economy
Demand Pull Demand Pull Inflation:Inflation:
When the aggregate When the aggregate demand increases more demand increases more
than the supply.than the supply.
Amount House hold (increase)
Demand (increase)
Prices (increase)
Demand Pull causesDemand Pull causes
• Increase in the money supplyIncrease in the money supply
• Increase in populationIncrease in population
• Gov. expenditureGov. expenditure
• Credit creationCredit creation
Cost Push Inflation:Cost Push Inflation:
When cost of production When cost of production increases the price level increases the price level automatically increases.automatically increases.
Cost push causes:Cost push causes:Increase in indirect taxesIncrease in indirect taxes
Increase in prices of raw Increase in prices of raw materialmaterial
Shortage of supply FOPShortage of supply FOP
Devaluation of moneyDevaluation of money
• Monetary MeasuresMonetary Measures
• Fiscal MeasuresFiscal Measures
Monetary MeasuresMonetary Measures• Bank rate policy (interest rate Bank rate policy (interest rate
increase)increase)
• Contraction money supplyContraction money supply
• Open market operationOpen market operation
• Variable reserve ratioVariable reserve ratio
• Credit rationingCredit rationing
Fiscal measuresFiscal measures
• Higher direct taxes (causing a fall in disposable Higher direct taxes (causing a fall in disposable income)income)
• Lower Government spendingLower Government spending
• A reduction in the amount the government sector A reduction in the amount the government sector borrows each year (PSNCR)borrows each year (PSNCR)
• Direct wage controls - incomes policiesDirect wage controls - incomes policies
Any Question?