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Period 6 Chapter 42b
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HBSHBS Project ProjectThe Respiratory System and The Respiratory System and
Gas ExchangeGas Exchange
Melia Ungson, Kioma Palkhivala, Aviva Prager, Carina Coffey
Gas Gas ExchangeExchange
Gas exchangeGas exchange is the uptake of molecular oxygen from the is the uptake of molecular oxygen from the environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide to the environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide to the environment.environment.
After oxygen is diffused across the respiratory surface, the After oxygen is diffused across the respiratory surface, the molecules travel throughout an organism via the transport molecules travel throughout an organism via the transport system.system. cellular respiration and ATP productioncellular respiration and ATP production
It involves:It involves:– Respiratory MediumRespiratory Medium - water or air- water or air– Respiratory SurfaceRespiratory Surface - Skin, trachea, gills, lungs- Skin, trachea, gills, lungs
Must be a Must be a thin, moist, large surface areathin, moist, large surface area
Gas Gas ExchangeExchange - In - In Aquatic AnimalsAquatic Animals
RespiratoryRespiratory Surface: Gills Surface: Gills Respiratory Medium: Respiratory Medium:
WaterWater Advantages: easily stays Advantages: easily stays
moistmoist Disadvantages: water has Disadvantages: water has
a low oxygen a low oxygen concentrationconcentration Must use Must use ventilationventilation
—increasing the flow —increasing the flow of the respiratory of the respiratory medium over the medium over the respiratory surfacerespiratory surface
Countercurrent Countercurrent ExchangeExchange Enhances gas exchangeEnhances gas exchange
– Blood flows in Blood flows in opposite direction opposite direction as the water moving as the water moving past the gillspast the gills
– It is of adaptive It is of adaptive value because it is a value because it is a very efficient very efficient process that greatly process that greatly reduces the energy reduces the energy cost of ventilation cost of ventilation alone and yields alone and yields more oxygen more oxygen because diffusion because diffusion across the across the membrane is always membrane is always favoredfavored
In Insects and In Insects and Terrestrial Animals Terrestrial Animals
Respiratory Medium: AirRespiratory Medium: Air Advantages:Advantages:
Much higher concentration Much higher concentration of oxygenof oxygen
Less ventilation required Less ventilation required More energy efficientMore energy efficient
Disadvantages:Disadvantages: Respiratory surface Respiratory surface
constantly loses water by constantly loses water by evaporationevaporation
Respiratory surface is Respiratory surface is folded into the body folded into the body to reduce loss of to reduce loss of water in terrestrial water in terrestrial animalsanimals
Tracheal System: In Tracheal System: In InsectsInsects
Air tubes branch throughout the Air tubes branch throughout the body and the largest tracheal body and the largest tracheal tubes opening to the outsidetubes opening to the outside
Gas is exchanged by diffusion Gas is exchanged by diffusion across epithelium lining ends of across epithelium lining ends of systemsystem Open circulatory system not Open circulatory system not
involvedinvolved
Lungs- In Many Lungs- In Many Terrestrial AnimalsTerrestrial Animals
Size and complexity Size and complexity correlated with metabolic correlated with metabolic raterate
Restricted to one locationRestricted to one location Circulatory system must Circulatory system must
be involved with gas be involved with gas exchangeexchange
Have a dense net of Have a dense net of capillaries under capillaries under epithelium that epithelium that transports gases transports gases between lungs and rest between lungs and rest of the bodyof the body
Mammalian Respiratory Mammalian Respiratory System System
Mammalian Respiratory Mammalian Respiratory System- ContinuedSystem- Continued
Alveoli are the air sacks at the tips of bronchiolesAlveoli are the air sacks at the tips of bronchioles Capillaries cover each alveolus and gas diffuses Capillaries cover each alveolus and gas diffuses
across epitheliaacross epithelia Oxygen diffuses across the alveoli epithelia into Oxygen diffuses across the alveoli epithelia into
the surrounding capillariesthe surrounding capillaries Carbon Dioxide diffuses the opposite direction, Carbon Dioxide diffuses the opposite direction,
from capillaries into the alveolifrom capillaries into the alveoli
Lung Ventilation – Lung Ventilation – BreathingBreathing
Alternate inhalation Alternate inhalation and exhalation of and exhalation of air air AmphibianAmphibian
Positive pressure Positive pressure breathingbreathing
– Pushes air down Pushes air down tracheatrachea
Breathing in MammalsBreathing in Mammals Negative pressure breathingNegative pressure breathing
Pulls air down tracheaPulls air down trachea (Inhalation) - (Inhalation) - Diaphragm contracts, lung Diaphragm contracts, lung
volume increasesvolume increases Gas flows from a region of higher pressure Gas flows from a region of higher pressure
to a region of lower pressure, so air to a region of lower pressure, so air rushes into the body and down to the rushes into the body and down to the alveolialveoli
((Exhalation) – Exhalation) – Diaphragm relaxes, Diaphragm relaxes, decreasing lung volume and increasing decreasing lung volume and increasing pressure inside alveolipressure inside alveoli
Forces air out of the lungs and out of the Forces air out of the lungs and out of the body body
Breathing in Mammals- Breathing in Mammals- ContinuedContinued
Tidal Volume – volume of air Tidal Volume – volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each inhaled and exhaled with each breathbreath
Vital Capacity – maximum tidal Vital Capacity – maximum tidal volume during forced breathingvolume during forced breathing
Residual Volume – the air Residual Volume – the air remaining in the lungs after remaining in the lungs after exhaling as much as possibleexhaling as much as possible
Lungs do not empty and Lungs do not empty and refill completely with each refill completely with each breath so inhaled air mixes breath so inhaled air mixes with residual airwith residual air
Breathing of BirdsBreathing of Birds Parabronchi – tiny Parabronchi – tiny
channels that air channels that air flows through in only flows through in only one direction (instead one direction (instead of dead-ended of dead-ended alveoli)alveoli)
Air sacs in addition to Air sacs in addition to lungs to keep air lungs to keep air flowing through lungsflowing through lungs
Completely renews Completely renews air in lungs with air in lungs with every exhalationevery exhalation Maximum lung Maximum lung
oxygen oxygen concentration is concentration is higher higher
High altitude High altitude (migration over (migration over mountains)mountains)
Control of Breathing – Control of Breathing – HumansHumans
Breathing Control Centers-Breathing Control Centers- PonsPons
Moderate medulla’s basic Moderate medulla’s basic rhythm, smoothing out rhythm, smoothing out transitions between transitions between exhalations and inhalationsexhalations and inhalations
Medulla OblongataMedulla Oblongata Sets basic breathing rhythmSets basic breathing rhythm Responds to pH changes Responds to pH changes
determined by amount of determined by amount of carbon dioxide in blood carbon dioxide in blood (and cerebrospinal fluid (and cerebrospinal fluid surrounding brain)surrounding brain)
Sends impulses to Sends impulses to diaphragm and rib muscles, diaphragm and rib muscles, stimulating contraction, stimulating contraction, which causes inhalationwhich causes inhalation
Control of Breathing in Control of Breathing in Humans- ContinuedHumans- Continued
Carotid arteriesCarotid arteries Signal medulla to increase breathing when oxygen Signal medulla to increase breathing when oxygen
levels severely lowlevels severely low Detect changes in blood pH and send nerve impulses Detect changes in blood pH and send nerve impulses
to medulla to medulla AortaAorta
Sends alarm signals to control centers when oxygen Sends alarm signals to control centers when oxygen level is too lowlevel is too low
Sends impulses to medulla when blood pH change is Sends impulses to medulla when blood pH change is detecteddetected
DiaphragmDiaphragm Contracts/relaxes to draw in or push out airContracts/relaxes to draw in or push out air
Partial Pressure Partial Pressure GradientsGradients
Partial Pressure – differences in quantity of a gasPartial Pressure – differences in quantity of a gas Gasses diffuse from a region of higher partial pressure to Gasses diffuse from a region of higher partial pressure to
lower partial pressurelower partial pressure Blood arriving at lungs from pulmonary arteries has Blood arriving at lungs from pulmonary arteries has
lower Po2 and a higher Pco2 than air in alveolilower Po2 and a higher Pco2 than air in alveoli Po2 of blood is raised and Pco2 lowered Po2 of blood is raised and Pco2 lowered Blood returns to heart to be pumped through Blood returns to heart to be pumped through
systemic circuitsystemic circuit
Respiratory Pigments Respiratory Pigments proteins that bind to and transport oxygen and circulate with proteins that bind to and transport oxygen and circulate with
the blood – increase amount of oxygen that can be carried in the blood – increase amount of oxygen that can be carried in bloodblood This is crucial because oxygen has a low solubility in water This is crucial because oxygen has a low solubility in water
and bloodand blood
Oxygen TransportOxygen Transport
HemocyaninHemocyanin In arthopods and In arthopods and
mainly mollusksmainly mollusks Uses copper to Uses copper to
bind oxygen, bind oxygen, results in bluish results in bluish bloodblood
HemoglobinHemoglobin In erythrocytes of In erythrocytes of
most vertebrates most vertebrates and many and many invertebratesinvertebrates
Has 4 subunits with Has 4 subunits with iron atom at center iron atom at center to bind oxygento bind oxygen
Oxygen Transport- Oxygen Transport- ContinuedContinued
Dissociation CurvesDissociation Curves Hemoglobin Hemoglobin
Dissociation with Po2 Dissociation with Po2 – a small drop in Po2 – a small drop in Po2 causes a large causes a large increase in the increase in the amount of oxygen amount of oxygen unloaded (in active unloaded (in active tissues) – oxygen tissues) – oxygen saturation in saturation in hemoglobin is hemoglobin is greater than that of greater than that of resting tissues, so resting tissues, so oxygen still leaves oxygen still leaves hemoglobin if tissues hemoglobin if tissues are not active, just are not active, just at a lesser rateat a lesser rate
Hemoglobin Hemoglobin Dissociation with Dissociation with pH – drop in pH pH – drop in pH lowers affinity of lowers affinity of hemoglobin for hemoglobin for oxygen – oxygen – Bohr Bohr Shift Shift – which – which increases increases oxygen oxygen released, which released, which supports cellular supports cellular respirationrespiration
More Oxygen Transport
Carbon Dioxide TransportCarbon Dioxide Transport HemoglobinHemoglobin – transports carbon dioxide – transports carbon dioxide
as well as oxygenas well as oxygen Aides in buffering – preventing harmful Aides in buffering – preventing harmful
changes in blood pHchanges in blood pH1.1. Carbon dioxide produced by body tissues diffuses Carbon dioxide produced by body tissues diffuses
into plasma and interstitial fluidinto plasma and interstitial fluid
2.2. Most of the carbon dioxide diffuses into red blood Most of the carbon dioxide diffuses into red blood cells, small percent stays in plasma as dissolved cells, small percent stays in plasma as dissolved carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide
3.3. Some of CO2 in blood transported by hemoglobinSome of CO2 in blood transported by hemoglobin
4.4. Most CO2 reacts with water in red blood cells to Most CO2 reacts with water in red blood cells to form carbonic acid (H2CO3)form carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Transport- ContinuedTransport- Continued
5.5. Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate ion and Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ionhydrogen ion
6.6. Hemoglobin binds most of the hydrogen ion, Hemoglobin binds most of the hydrogen ion, preventing acidic pH change in blood (and Bohr preventing acidic pH change in blood (and Bohr Shift)Shift)
7.7. Most of the bicarbonate ion diffuses into red blood Most of the bicarbonate ion diffuses into red blood cells from plasma, combines with released cells from plasma, combines with released hydrogen ions reforming carbonic acidhydrogen ions reforming carbonic acid
8.8. Converted back into carbon dioxide and water Converted back into carbon dioxide and water 9.9. Carbon dioxide unloaded from hemoglobin and Carbon dioxide unloaded from hemoglobin and
diffused into interstitial fluid diffused into interstitial fluid 10.10. Diffuses into alveolar space, exhaled out of bodyDiffuses into alveolar space, exhaled out of body11.11. Reduction of carbon dioxide concentration in Reduction of carbon dioxide concentration in
plasma stimulates break down of carbonic acid into plasma stimulates break down of carbonic acid into carbon dioxide and water in red blood cellscarbon dioxide and water in red blood cells
Evolutionary Adaptations Evolutionary Adaptations in Animalsin Animals
1.1. Endurance Runners Endurance Runners (Pronghorn)(Pronghorn)
2.2. Diving Mammals (Weddell Diving Mammals (Weddell Seal)Seal)
a.a. Higher concentration Higher concentration of myoglobin – of myoglobin – oxygen storing oxygen storing protein -- in musclesprotein -- in muscles
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