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January 31, 2005 CITM360 – Week 4
Establishing an eBusinessCITM360 – Week 4
Steven A. Gedeon, PhD, MBA, PEng
January 31, 2005
This Week’s Agenda
• Strategy• Survivor Challenge • eBusiness Models• Building a Project Team and
Schedule• Elevator Pitches Prizes/Feedback• Interim Presentation Requirements
January 31, 2005
Strategy
A Strategy is the pattern or plan that integrates an organization’s major goals, policies, and actions into a cohesive whole. A well-formulated strategy helps to marshal and allocate an organization’s resources into a unique and viable posture based on its relative internal competencies and shortcomings, anticipated changes in the environment, and contingent moves by intelligent competitors.
“The Strategy Process” by Mintzberg and Quinn
January 31, 2005
Strategy
• Every organization has one – even if it is not written down or is contradictory or poor
• Strategy is a Tool for integrating into a cohesive whole
• Strategy is a Synthesis of the Market Analysis to determine the Key Success Factors
• Strategy drives the Market, Technology, Organization, and Financial Plans
January 31, 2005
Strategy
CompetitiveStrategy
StakeholderValues
End UserExpectations
CompanyStrengths & Weaknesses
Opportunities&
Threats
InternalFactors
ExternalFactors
January 31, 2005
Strategic Analysis
This is all about analyzing the strength of the company’s position and understanding the important external factors that may influence that position.
Internal Analysis – knowing your strengths and weaknesses
• Will help you determine whether these opportunities are right for you
• Technological Skills• Leading Brands• Distribution channels• Customer Loyalty/Relationship• Production Quality• Scale • Management
• Absence of important skills• Weak brands• Poor access to distribution• Low customer retention• Unreliable product/service• Management
• Strategic Partners• Changing customer tastes• Technological advances• Change in population age-
structure• New distribution channels
•Competitor Initiatives•Changing customer tastes•Closing of geographic markets•Technological advances•New distribution channels
External Analysis – opportunities and threats
• May reveal strategic opportunities
Positive Negative
January 31, 2005
Strategic Analysis
Porter’s Five Forces Analysis - a technique for identifying the forces which affect the level of competition in an industry
• Threat of entry• Threat of substitution• Bargaining power of buyers• Bargaining power of
suppliers• Rivalry among current
competitors
January 31, 2005
Strategic Analysis
Threat of Entry - Depends on barriers:
Economies of scale – need to come in large
Product differentiation – established firms have brand identification and customer loyalties
Capital requirements
Switching costs – one time switching costs facing the buyer – retraining, new equipment…
Access to distribution channels
Intellectual Property and patents
Threat of Substitution
All firms in an industry are competing with industries producing substitute products
Substitutes limit potential returns
Bargaining Power of Customers
Customers can force prices down, playing competitors against each other
Customers can easily move downstream to create a more complete solution
Bargaining Power of Suppliers
Suppliers can exert bargaining power by threatening to raise prices or reduce quality.
Suppliers can move upstream to create a more complete solution
Suppliers are powerful if:
Only 1 or a couple of suppliers for industry
January 31, 2005
Strategic Analysis – Intensity of rivalry
The intensity of rivalry between competitors in an industry will depend on:• The structure of competition - rivalry is more intense where there are many
small or equally sized competitors; rivalry is less when an industry has a clear market leader
• The structure of industry costs - industries with high fixed costs encourage competitors to fill unused capacity by price cutting
• Degree of differentiation - industries where products are commodities (e.g. steel, coal) have greater rivalry; industries where competitors can differentiate their products have less rivalry
• Switching costs - rivalry is reduced where buyers have high switching costs - i.e. there is a significant cost associated with the decision to buy a product from an alternative supplier
• Strategic objectives - when competitors are pursuing aggressive growth strategies, rivalry is more intense. Where competitors are "milking" profits in a mature industry, the degree of rivalry is less
• Exit barriers -when barriers to leaving an industry are high (e.g. the cost of closing down factories) - then competitors tend to exhibit greater rivalry.
January 31, 2005
Critical Strategic Factors
• Clear Decisive Objectives
• Maintaining the Initiative
• Concentration/Focus of Resources
• Flexibility
• Coordinated and Committed Leadership
• Surprise
• Security“The Strategy Process” by Mintzberg and Quinn
January 31, 2005
Five P’s of Strategy
• Plan
• Ploy (Deceive Competitors)
• Pattern of Behaviors (Plan vs. Actual Strategy)
• Position (Relative to Competition)
• Perspective (also known as “Corporate Culture”) eg “The HP Way”
“The Strategy Process” by Mintzberg and Quinn
January 31, 2005
Generic Strategies
• Stage of Operations
Extract Process Fabricate Assemble Wholesale Retail
Upstream Industries --- Midstream --- Downstream Industries
January 31, 2005
Generic Strategies
• Maximization of Value Chain
InboundLogistics
OperationsOutboundLogistics
Marketing& Sales
Service
Margin
Procurement
IT and Product Technology
HR and Operations Management
Company Infrastructure, Legal, Governance…
January 31, 2005
Generic Strategies
• Alteration of Value Chain (Value Shop)
ProblemFinding
ProblemSolving
Choice ExecutionControl &Evaluation
Sales
January 31, 2005
Generic Strategies
• Stage of Operations (Value Network)
NetworkPromotion
ServiceProvisioning
InfrastructureOperations
Partnerships
January 31, 2005
Generic Strategies
• Cost Leadership
• Differentiation
• Focus – Segmentation (selected customer segments)– Niche Strategy (focus on one segment)– Customization Strategy (segment of One and
each customer is unique)
January 31, 2005
Generic Differentiation Strategies
• Price Differentiation• Image Differentiation (Branding)• Support Differentiation• Quality Differentiation• Design Differentiation• Timeliness Differentiation• Undifferentiation (Copycats)• Others?
January 31, 2005
Generic Strategies
• Position within an Existing Industry Structure– This is the Traditional View of Strategy– These companies are “Market Takers”
• Create a New Industry Structure– “Competing for the Future” Hamel & Prahalad– These companies are “Rule Breakers” and
“Rule Makers”
January 31, 2005
Three Phases of Competing for the Future
Intellectual Leadership
Deep Understanding of Industry Drivers
Creative View of Core Competencies and Customer Interfaces
Strategic Architecture
Management of Migration Paths
Preemptively building core competencies and new product concepts and technologies
Assemble a coalition of industry participants
Force competitors onto longer more expensive migration paths
Compete for Market Share
Build a worldwide supplier network
Preempt competitors in critical markets
Maximize efficiency and productivity
Manage the competition
January 31, 2005
Strategy
• "Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term which achieves advantage for the organization through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfill stakeholder expectations".
• Strategy is about:– Where is the business trying to get to in the long-term (direction)– Which markets should a business compete in and what kind of activities are involved in such
markets? (markets; scope)– How can the business perform better than the competition in those markets? (advantage)?– What resources (skills, assets, finance, relationships, technical competence, facilities) are
required in order to be able to compete? (resources)?– What external, environmental factors affect the businesses' ability to compete?
(environment)?– What are the values and expectations of those who have power in and around the business?
(stakeholders)
Management Preferences
Organization
Resources
Strategy Environment
January 31, 2005
Survivor Challenge
• A donkey is tied to a rope 10 feet long. Twenty feet away is a field of carrots, how does he get to the carrots?
• A barrel of water weighs 20 pounds, what do you have to add to it to make it weigh 12 pounds?
• How much dirt would be in a hole 6 feet deep and 6 feet wide that has been dug with a square edged shovel?
• You threw away the outside and cooked the inside. Then you ate the outside and threw away the inside, What did you eat? Hint: It is a food...
• What unusual natural phenomenon is capable of speaking any language?
• What goes up and goes down but does not move?
• Name the elements of a Business Model.
• The other end of the rope isn't tied to anything
• holes • none, it is a hole, the hole has no dirt • Corn on the cob • an echo • the temperature • Customer Value,Scope,Revenue
Source/Model, Pricing, Connected Activities, Sustainability,Implementation, Capabilities
January 31, 2005
What is a Business Model?
• A set of activities that allows the firm to make money.– What value are we offering and to whom?– What price is appropriate?– How do we provide the value?– Do we have a competitive advantage in providing the
value, and how do we sustain it?
Internet and non-Internet
January 31, 2005
Elements of a Business Model
Business Model Component Q’s for all Business Models Q’s Internet Business Models
Positioning• What are the 5 Forces?• What is the value chain?
Is the firm in a “good space” ? How are you maximizing both IT and Internet capabilities?
Customer Value• What’s the value
proposition?
Is the firm offering something distinctive or at a lower cost than its competitors ?
What is your differentiation?
What is it about the Internet that allows your firm to offer its customers something distinctive? Can you solve new problems for customers?
Scope To which customers (geographic and demographic) is the firm offering value? What is the range of products and services offered?
What is the scope of customers that the Internet enables your firm to reach? Does the Internet alter the product or service mix?
Revenue Source/Revenue Model
Who pays for what value and when? What are the margins in each market?
Are revenue sources different with the Internet? What is new?
Copyright © 2001, The MacGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Internet Models and Strategies, Afuah and Tucci. All Rights Reserved. (modified)
January 31, 2005
Elements of a Business ModelPricing How does the firm price the value? How does the Internet make
pricing different?
Connected Activities What set of activities does the firm have to perform to offer this value and when?
How many new activities must be performed because of the Internet? How much better can the Internet help you to perform existing activities?
Implementation What organizational structure, systems, people, and environment does the firm need to carry out these activities?
What does the Internet do to the strategy, structure, systems, people and environment?
Capabilities What are your firm’s capabilities and capability gaps that need to be filled? How does the firm fill these capabilities?
What new capabilities do you need? What is the impact of the Internet on those capabilities?
Sustainability What is it about the firm that makes it difficult for other firms to imitate it? How does the firm sustain its competitive advantage?
Does the Internet Make the sustainability easier or more difficult?
January 31, 2005
Classification of e-business Models
Strategic ScopeRefers to the company’s potential (resources, leadership, know-how,
product strength, etc.) and growth prospects in a given market
NarrowLimit activities to a single product
or market segment
BroadExpand if the company, relying on
e-bus. Pursues a strategy of diversification
Degree of Innovation
Traditional model“brick and mortar” companies that convert to e-business – business model is mixed (click and mortar)
Balanced businesses Diversified Businesses
Revolutionary model“re-invent themselves by adopting a new entrepreneurial identity”
Bold businesses Ambitious business
January 31, 2005
Classification of e-business ModelsStrategic Scope
Refers to the company’s potential (resources, leadership, know-how, product strength, etc.) and growth prospects in a given market
NarrowLimit activities to a single product
or market segment
BroadExpand if the company, relying on e-
bus. Pursues a strategy of diversification
Degree of Innovation
Traditional model“brick and mortar” companies that convert to e-business – business model is mixed (click and mortar)
Balanced businesses• Capitalize on core competencies • Does not conflict with the
traditional business model Eg. Dell
• Use as a lever to strengthen strategic position
Diversified Businesses• Focus on external positioning –
driven by operational diversification and growth
• Specific to businesses whose markets are already structured
Revolutionary model“re-invent themselves by adopting a new entrepreneurial identity”
Bold businesses• Often “start-ups”• Innovative• “New Economy” – driven by
complex applications and technology solutions (eg. search engines, cyber auctions, collaborative portals)
Ambitious business• Focuses on diversification and
growth of company’s activities.• Invest heavily in technological
infrastructures• Focus on setting up technological
standards to create high switching costs
January 31, 2005
Classification of e-business Models
Strategic ScopeRefers to the company’s potential (resources, leadership, know-how,
product strength, etc.) and growth prospects in a given market
NarrowLimit activities to a single product
or market segment
BroadExpand if the company, relying on
e-bus. Pursues a strategy of diversification
Degree of Innovation
Traditional model“brick and mortar” companies that convert to e-business – business model is mixed (click and mortar)
Balanced businesses Diversified Businesses
Revolutionary model“re-invent themselves by adopting a new entrepreneurial identity”
Bold businesses Ambitious business
Virtual Store e-mall
e-procurement
AuctionsVirtual community
Information brokers
January 31, 2005
Business Models on the Web
Brokerage Bring buyers and sellers together and facilitate transactions:
B2B, B2C
Auction broker conducts auctions for sellers –– eBay
Transaction Broker – provide a third party payment mechanism – PayPal
Virtual Mall – hosts online merchants – ChoiceMall
Advertising Model Extension of the traditional media broadcast model. The broadcaster provides content & services mixed with advertising messages. The advertising model works only when the volume of viewer traffic is large or highly specialized
Portal – About.com
Personalized Portal - MyYahoo
Registered Users – NYTimes Digital
Merchant Model Wholesalers and Retailers of goods and Services.
Virtual Merchant or e-tailer – Pure Play- Amazon.com
Click and Mortar – traditional brick and mortar retail establishment with web storefront – Chapters.ca
Catalog Merchant – catalog+web – Land’s End
January 31, 2005
Business Models on the Web
Manufacturer (Direct) Using the power of the web to allow manufacturer to reach buyers directly and thereby compressing the distribution channel. The manufacturer model can be based on efficiency, improved customer service, and a better understanding of customer preferences
Dell Computer
Affiliate Model Provides purchase opportunities. Offers financial incentives to affiliated partner sites. Pay per performance model. Includes: banner exchange, pay per click, revenue sharing programs.
Amazon.com
Tucows.com
Esellerate.com
Subscription Model Users are charged a fee to subscribe to a service. Not uncommon to combine free+fee content.
Content Services – newspapers, music, video
Person-to-Person Networking Services – conduits for distribution of user submitted information [Classmates]
Internet Service Providers
January 31, 2005
Dominant Revenue Models
• Commission
• Advertising
• Margin or Markup on Products
• Production
• Referral
• Subscription or Membership
• Fee-for-Service (incl. bandwidth, storage…)
January 31, 2005
Building a Project Team and Schedule
• Create a Clear Organization Structure– BoD, CEO, CTO, CFO, VP Mrkt, VP Sales…
• Clearly write down Roles & Responsibilities and tie these to Business Plan and Presentations
• Clearly write down deadlines for each deliverable (I’ll ask for this if Firing someone)
• Leave time for Dry Runs and Edits• Leave time to make major changes to Business
Model (prices, segments, financial plans…)
January 31, 2005
Results from Elevator Pitches
• Entertainment Edge = 73%
• Farmer Bob’s Grocery Depot = 80%
• OP Print = 73%
• Connectix = 78%
• netDrive.com = 75%
• Lottery Click = 68%
• Innotech = 71%
#1
#2#3
January 31, 2005
Results from Elevator Pitches
• Lowest Score = 1 and 32 Total
• Highest Score = 20 and 97 Total
• Lowest Scorer ave = 59, Hi Scorer = 89
• Success and Excitement Scored Lowest in Every Single eBusiness Idea
• Most Controversial (Highest Stn Dev)– netDrive Success and Excitement– Lottery Click Success and Excitement
January 31, 2005
Entertainment Edge
• Entertainment services (e.g. DVDs and Pizza) delivered to your door
• Differentiation vs Video-on-demand, Pizza…
• Scope limited by Geography
• Revenues (delivery fee, margin, memb, ads)
• Cost Structure (mktg, delivery infrastructure)
January 31, 2005
Farmer Bob’s Grocery Depot
• Groceries purchased over the Internet and assembled for pickup
• Differentiation vs Grocery Gateway?• Scope limited by Geography• Revenues ($2, margin, memb, ads)• Cost Structure (mktg, assembly infrastruct)• Asked for the meeting• What about adding RFID Tags??
January 31, 2005
OP Print
• Low cost print services for print companies. Upload content, gang running to lower cost to 60%, delivery in 7 days
• Differentiation vs Printers doing it themselves or Overnightprints.com?
• Scope limited by Geography
• Revenues (margin)
• Connected Activity - what about returns?
January 31, 2005
Connectix
• Shopping Mall Kiosks for product searching
• Who are the Competition or Partners?
• Scope limited by Geography (?)
• Revenues (ads and paid search terms)
• Cost Structure (capital costs, content creation, s/w to tie into database systems)
• Strategic Partnership with Microsoft and Kiosk Manufacturers?
January 31, 2005
netDrive.com
• Virtual Data Storage on demand
• Differentiation vs Competition (based on data sharing?)
• Few Scope Limitations
• Revenues (monthly subscription based on bandwidth and storage used)
• Capital Costs for Servers, Bandwidth…
• Target of 500,000 users in 12 months
January 31, 2005
Lottery Click
• Lottery Ticket purchase on-line
• Why wouldn’t the government do this themselves?
• Few Scope Limitations
• Revenues (margin)
• Cost Structure seems favorable
• Sell to non-gov’t organizations with lotteries?
January 31, 2005
Innotech
• Wireless Calendar, Scheduler, and Alerts, bundled into your Monthly Service Fees.
• Questions regarding Value and Pain
• Few Scope Limitations
• Revenues (rev share of new messages, tech licensing and service fees to carrier)
• Cost Structure looks favorable
January 31, 2005
Results from Elevator Pitches
1. eWed = 80%
2. Greenbird Athletics = 78%
3. StarWear = 70%
4. Campus Express = 79%
#1
#2
#3
January 31, 2005
Results from Elevator Pitches
• Lowest Score = 8 and 59 Total
• Highest Score = 20 and 96 Total
• Lowest Scorer ave = 67, Hi Scorer = 96
• Success and Excitement Scored Lowest in Every Single eBusiness Idea
• Most Controversial (Highest Stn Dev)– eWed Success and Excitement
January 31, 2005
eWed
• On-line Wedding Planning
• Differentiation vs Competition– Segmentation (same sex, groom services,…?
• Few Scope Limitations
• Revenues (ads, margins, paid search terms, commission on registries)
• Cost Structure (mrkt costs for traffic gen.)
January 31, 2005
Greenbird Athletics
• Online sales of Custom Sports Apparel
• Who is the Competition?
• Few Scope Limitations
• Revenues (logo services, product margin)
• Cost Structure potentially favorable– Use of pre-existing logos or automated logo
generation– Flexible manufacturing needed?
January 31, 2005
StarWear
• Custom Knock-Off Bling & Fashion Apparel
• Differentiation from Celeb Product Lines?
• Revenues (product margins)
• Cost Structure (in-house manufacturing capital costs)
• Flexible manufacturing a key issue
• Connected Activity - what about returns?
January 31, 2005
Campus Express
• Convenience Items delivered to your dorm
• Differentiation vs Competition
• Scope limited by Geography
• Revenues (delivery, margin)
• Cost Structure (mktg, delivery infrastruct)
January 31, 2005
Interim Presentation Req’ts
• Who is the Customer (in detail!) and what is their Pain?• Who are the Competitors and what is your
differentiation?• What is the Business Model?• Where are you in the Value Chain and why is this a good
place?• How will you create Revenues?
– You must figure out how to fund your e-business, by early customers or raising financing
• What are your Key Success Factors/Issues?• What do you still need to figure out or Research?
No Plans Required Yet
January 31, 2005
Interim Presentations
• How will you present your idea? How many presenters? What is the role of each group member?
• 10 - 12 minutes for presentation, time limit strictly enforced• ~10-20 minutes for questions & discussion
(record feedback and comments from class, this will help focus the business plan)
• Use of PowerPoint is expected, e-mail me a copy of your slides (after class is ok). Bring USB drive with your powerpoint, CD… ensure you can access it.
• Required - Hand-in a hard copy of the power point before starting your presentation
• Everyone to review every presentation. Attendance Req’d
January 31, 2005
Interim Presentation Grading
Business Opportunity (5 marks)- did the presentation clearly explain the business idea?- did you indicate what the target market for the business is? did you show evidence of research about, and good
knowledge of, the size of the target market?- did you explain the value proposition for this business?- did you explain how this business offers a differentiated product or service? did you identify potential competitors?- did you discuss how you will sustain this business? e.g. barriers to entry, sustainable competitive advantage?- is the business name you have chosen available? does the name accurately describe what your company does?
Business Model & Revenue Generation (3 marks)- did you explain how your business will make money? are your assumptions reasonable?- did you provide an estimate of how much money will be required to establish this business? did you indicate where
you will get your start-up financing from?- did you discuss the overall scale of your business? e.g. how many customers/sales will you need in order to make
this business viable?
Presentation (2 marks)- were the presenters confident and well-prepared?- did the presenters make eye contact with the audience?- did the team handle questions effectively?- were the slides well-designed? (appropriate colour choice, not too much info on slides, no spelling errors- did you use your allocated time effectively?
January 31, 2005
Group Work
• How are you going to present your business idea in class?
• How will you structure your presentation?• What is your ‘pitch’? How can you
convince your audience (the class) that your idea is viable?– clear market niche?– differentiated offering?– feasible revenue generation model?