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Communication process
Presented by Nasir Iqbal
Assigned by Dr.Gohar Zaman
QUOTES about communicationFunctions of CommunicationThe Communication ProcessDirection of CommunicationInterpersonal CommunicationOrganizational CommunicationCommunication modelsBarriers to Effective CommunicationSeven C’sSummaryReferences
MAIN CONTENTS
Quotes about communication:“Communication is the vehicle which allows
humans to recall the past, think in the present, and plan for the future.” Roy Berko
“Good communication is as stimulating as black coffee, and just as hard to sleep after.” Anne Morrow Lindbergh. (n.d.)
“The most basic and powerful way to connect to another person is to listen. Just listen. Perhaps the most important thing we ever give each other is our attention. A loving silence often has far more power to heal and to connect than the most well-intentioned words.” Remen, Rachel Naomi. (1996).
Introduction COMMUNICATION DEFINED BY DIFFERENT AUTHORS AS:
2.” Communication is transfer of information from one person to another, whether or not it elicits confidence. But the information transferred must be understandable to the receiver” – G.G. Brown.
No Group can exist without communication: the transference of meaning among its members.
Communication must include both the transference and the understanding of meaning
3.. “Communication is the intercourse by words, letters or messages”- Fred G. Meyer.
1.Communication is the exchange and flow of information and ideas from one person to another; it involves a sender transmitting an idea, information, or feeling to a receiver (U.S. Army, 1983).
Functions of CommunicationIt serves four major functions within a group or organization.Control1.Communicate job related grievances.2.To follow job description3.To comply with company policy.Motivation1.It fosters motivation by clarifying what needs to be
done2.How well employees are doing 3. What can be done to improve performance
Emotional ExpressionInformation
Functions of CommunicationEmotional Expression For many employees the work group[ is a
primary source of social interaction .They share their feelings of frustration and
satisfaction with each other.InformationPrimary role relating to decision making by
transmitting data and evaluating different choices
The Communication Process
MessageMessage EncodingEncoding MediumMedium DecodingDecoding
DecodingDecoding MediumMedium EncodingEncoding MessageMessage
ReceiverReceiver(now sender)(now sender)SenderSender
Transmission Phase
Feedback Phase
NOISE
•Two phase process
Direction of Communication
Downward Communication-Communication that flows from upper level of a group or organization to a lower level.
Upward Communication-Communication that flows to a higher level in the group or organization.
Lateral Communication-Communication that takes place among members of the same level.
Interpersonal CommunicationOral Communication-The chief
means of conveying messages by utilizing speed and feedback.
Written Communication-any device that is transmitted via written words or symbols.
Nonverbal Communication-nonverbal component of a verbally given message such as body movements, intonations, facial expressions, etc.
Organizational Communication Networks show information flows in an
organization. Wheel Network: information flow to and from one
central member. Chain Network: members communicate with people
next to them in sequence. Wheel and Chain networks provide for little
interaction. Circle Network: members communicate with others
close to them in terms of expertise, office location, etc. All-Channel Network: found in teams, with high
levels of communications between each member and all others.
Communication Networks in Groups & Teams
Wheel Network
Circle Network
Chain Network
All Channel Network
3 Models for CommunicationCommunication as ActionCommunication as TransactionCommunication as Interaction
Communication as Action
Sender ReceiverChannelMessage Message
Noise
Noise
Noise
Questions describing communications: Who? Says what? In which channel? To whom? With what effect?
Lasswell Model (1948)
destinationsource signal
Field of experience Field of experience
encoder decoder
communication is effective when information are shared between sender and receiver
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Shannon-Weaver model (1948)Back and forth, we talk, we listen, we talk, we listenAdds feedback and context.
Communication as Transaction
Message
MessageEncoder
Interpreter
Decoder
Decoder
Interpreter
Encoder
Third Model: both, sender and receiver interact by encoding, interpreting, re-coding, sending and receiving information/message
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Schramm Model (1954)
Communication as Interaction
Barriers to Effective CommunicationFiltering (holding back information) Selective PerceptionInformation OverloadEmotionsLanguageCommunication ApprehensionGender Differences
Barriers to effective CommunicationFiltering (holding back information) and distortion as
the message passes through other workers
• Selective PerceptionThe receivers in communication process
selectively see and hear based on their needs, motivations, experience , background and other personal characteristics.
Barriers to effective CommunicationInformation Overload Individuals have a finite capacity to process data
and when it exceeds our processing capacity the result is information load. Then people tend to select out, ignore, pass over or forget information.
• Emotions Extreme emotions like jubilation or
depression are more likely to hinder effective communication
Language
Communication apprehensions
Completeness(all relevant info included) Check for five Ws & one H Who What When Where Why and How.
Conciseness (to the point)Consideration (focus on audience) avoid I and we
use “U”.Concreteness (Facts and figure)Clarity (Using words that familiar to the message
of receiver)Courtesy(polite and respectful) Correctness (Grammar, punctuation, and spelling)
The Seven C’s
Pay attention to what is sent as a message.Be a good listener: don’t interrupt.Ask questions to clarify your understanding.Be empathetic: try to understand what the
sender feels.Understand linguistic styles: different people
speak differently.Speed, tone, pausing all impact communication.
References:Organizational Behavior, 13th Edition,
Stephen P. Robbins and Timothy A. Judge Prentice HallContemporary management,
5thEdition,Gareth R.Jone and Jennifer M.Georgehttp://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/a/ann
emorrow136164.html.
Remen, Rachel Naomi. (1996). Kitchen Table Wisdom: Stories That Heal. New York, NY: Riverhead Books.
Thank you for your listening !!
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