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Muscles of the Trunk
Latissimus DorsiP: SPs of T7-L5, posterior sacrum,
and the posterior iliac crestD: Medial lip of bicipital groove
of the humerus
1. Medially rotates the arm at the shoulder joint
2. Adducts the arm at the shoulder joint
3. Extends the arm at the shoulder joint
4. Anteriorly tilts the pelvis at the lumbosacral joint
Latissimus Dorsi: SPs of T7-L5, Posterior sacrum, and Posterior iliac crest
Rhomboid Major and Minor
• P: SPs of C7-T5• D: Medial border of the
scapula from the root of the spine of the scapula to the inferior angle of the scapula
1. Retracts (Adducts) the scapula at the scapulocostal joint
2. Elevates the scapula
Rhomboids Major and Minor: SPs of C7-T5
Superficial Muscles of Back
Serratus Anterior
O: Ribs 1-9I: Anterior surface of the
entire medial border of the scapula
1. Protracts (abducts) the scapula at the scapulocostal joint
2. Upwardly rotates the scapula at the scapulocostal joint
Serratus Anterior: Ribs 1-9
Serratus Posterior Superior
• 1. Elevates ribs #2-5 at the sternocostal and costospinal joints
Serratus Posterior Inferior
• 1. Depresses ribs #9-12 at the sternocostal and costospinal joints
Three subgroups listed lateral to medial:
1. Iliocostalis2. Longissimus3. Spinalis
The iliocostalis attaches from the ilium to the ribs
The longissimusis the longest of the three subgroups. Only subgroup that attaches onto the head.
The spinalis attaches from SPs to SPs
Each subgroup can be further divided into three subgroups
Iliocostalis lumborum Iliocostalis thoracis Iliocostalis cervicis
Longissimus thoracisLongissimus cervicisLongissimus capitis
Spinalis thoracis Spinalis cervicisSpinalis capitis (The spinalis capitis
often blends with and is therefore considered to be a part of the semispinalis capitis of the transversospinalis group)
Erector Spinae Group
O: PelvisI: Spine, ribcage, and head
1. Extends the trunk, neck, and the head at the spinal joints
2. Laterally flexes the trunk, neck, and head at the spinal joints
3. Ipsilaterally rotates the trunk, neck, and head at the spinal joints
4. Anteriorly tilts the pelvis at the lumbosacral joint
The name tells us that the muscle group attaches from a TP to a SP. The TP is the inferior attachment and the SP is the superior attachment
Group is very deep; lies in the laminar groove
Divided into three subgroups: from superficial to deep:
1. Semispinalis 2. Multifidus 3. Rotatores
Transversospinalis GroupO: PelvisI: Spine and the head
1. Extends the trunk, neck, and head at the spinal joints
2. Laterally flexes the trunk, neck, and head at the spinal joints
3. Contralaterally rotates the trunk and the neck at the spinal joints
4. Anteriorly tilts the pelvis at the lumboscaral joint
Transversospinalis Group: Pelvis to the spine and head
Rotatores of transversospinalis group: attach to spine (Tp inferiorly to lamina superiorly: FYI)
Semispinalis of transversospinalis group: attaches to head
Transversospinalis Group
• Semispinalis
Transversospinalis Group
• Multifidus
Transversospinalis Group
• Rotatores
Quadratus LumborumP: 12th rib and the TPs of L1-
L4D: Posterior Iliac crest
1. Elevates the pelvis at the lumbosacral joint
2. Anteriorly tilts the pelvis at the lumbosacral joint
3. Laterally flexes the trunk at the spinal joints
4. Extends the trunk at the spinal joints
R
Intermediate Muscles of Back
Deep Muscles of Back
Pectoralis Major• P: Medial clavicle, sternum,
and the costal cartilages of ribs 1-7
• D: Lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus
1. Adducts the arm at the shoulder joint
2. Medially rotates the arm at the shoulder joint
3. Flexes the arm at the shoulder joint (clavicular head)
Pectoralis Minor
P: Ribs 3-5D: Coracoid process of the
scapula
1. Protracts (abducts) the scapula at the scapulocostal joint
2. Depresses the scapula at the scapulocostal joint
3. Elevates ribs 3-5 at the sternocostal and costospinal joints
Diaphragm
• Increases the volume of the Thoracic Cavity (inspiration)
RectusAbdominis
P: Pubis D: Xiphoid process and
the cartilage of ribs 5-7
1. Flexes the trunk at the spinal joints
2. Posteriorly tilts the pelvis at the lumbosacral joint
External ObliqueP: Anterior iliac crest, pubic bone,
and the abdominal aponeurosisD: Lower 8 ribs (5-12)
1. Flexes the trunk at the spinal joints
2. Laterally flexes the trunk at the spinal joints
3. Contralateral rotates the trunk at the spinal joints
4. Posteriorly tilts the pelvis at the lumbosacral joints
Internal ObliqueO: Inquinal ligament, iliac crest,
and the thoracolumbar fasciaI: Lower three ribs (10-12) and
the abdominal aponeurosis
1. Flexes the trunk at the spinal joints
2. Laterally flexes the trunk at the spinal joints
3. Ipsilaterally rotates the trunk at the spinal joints
4. Posteriorly tilts the pelvis at the lumbosacral joints
Transverse Abdominis
• Compresses the abdominal contents
Have client seated with hands at their sidesPlace palpating hand on the client’s posterior
axillary foldAsk the client to push down on the table with
both hands, attempting to elevate the pelvis and trunk off the table. Feel for the contraction of the latissimus dorsi
Continue palpating the muscle toward its humeral attachment. It can be difficult to distinguish the tendon of the latissimus dorsi from the tendon of the teres major because they often blend together.
Have client seated with hand placed in the small of the back
Place palpating hand between the scapula at a level that is between the inferior angle and the root of the spine of the scapula and the spine
Ask the client to lift the hand away from the back and feel for the contraction of the rhomboids
Have client supine with the arm flexed to 90 degrees at the shoulder joint (hand pointed toward ceiling)
Locate the lateral border of the pectoralis major (anterior axillary fold) and then locate thelateral border of the latissimus dorsi (posterior axillary fold)
Place palpating hand between these two borders in the armpit and feel for the ribs and the serratus anterior
Now ask the client to protract the scapula by actively pushing the hand toward the ceiling and feel for contraction
Once found try to follow the muscle as far anterior as possible and as far posterior as possible
Have client pronePlace palpating hands lateral to the SPs of the
vertebral column in the lumbar region and feel for the vertical orientation of the fibers of the muscle
Continue palpating inferiorly and superiorlyAsk the client to actively extend the upper
part of the body off the table and feel for contraction of the erector spinae group
To palpate the erector spinae of the neck it is easier to have the client supine
Have the client supine with the forearm in the small of the back to relax the scapula
Place palpating hands in the posteromedial neck and feel for the semispinalis capitis
Continue palpating the muscle superiorly toward the occipital attachment between the superior and inferior nuchal lines
Have the client pronePlace palpating hands on either side of the
midline of the sacrumAsk the client to actively extend the upper
part of the body off the table and feel for the contraction of the multifidus
Continue palpating the muscle on either side of the midline in the sacral and lumbar regions
The rotatores are very small and extremely deep and are virtually impossible to palpate
Have the client pronePlace palpating hand superior to the iliac
crest and just lateral to the erector spinae. To locate lateral border have erectors ask client to raise the head off the table.
Ask the client to elevate the pelvis on the side you are palpating and feel for contraction of the quadratus lumborum
Continue palpating the muscle deep to the erectors, medially toward the lumbarTPs, superiomedially toward the 12th rib, and inferiomedially toward the iliac crest
Have client seatedHave client raise arm to 90 degrees of
abduction at the shoulder jointPlace palpating hand on the belly of the muscleAsk the client to actively horizontally flex the
arm at the shoulder joint against resistance and feel for the contraction of the pectoralis major
Continue palpating the muscle medially and superiorly toward its attachment s on the trunk and distally toward its humeral attachment
Have client seated with the forearm relaxed in the small of the back
Place palpating fingers just inferior to the coracoid process of the scapula
Ask the client to lift the hand away from the back and feel for contraction of the pectoralis minor
Have the client supine with a pillow under the knees
Place palpating hands between the xiphoid process of the sternum and the adjacent ribs superiorly and the pubis inferiorly
Ask the client to alternate between mild flexion of the trunk and relaxation so that you can feel for the contraction of the muscle
Palpate the rectus abdominis superiorly toward its ribcage attachment and inferiorly toward its pelvic attachment
Have client supine with a pillow placed under the knees
Place palpating hands on the anterolateral abdomen between the iliac crest and the lower ribs
Ask the client to rotate the trunk at the spinal joints actively to the opposite side along with slight flexion of the trunk and feel for contraction of the external oblique
Continue palpating superolaterally toward the rib attachments and inferomedially toward the iliac crest
Have the client supine with a pillow under the knees
Place palpating hands on the anterolateral abdomen between the iliac crest and the lower ribs
Ask the client to actively rotate the trunk at the spinal joints to the same side along with slight flexion of the trunk and feel for the contraction of the internal abdominal oblique
Distinguishing the contraction of the internal abdominal oblique from the external abdominal oblique will be difficult