Building Construction Analysis Report

LECTURER: MR. BRUCE LEE LOO GIAP SHENG KIEW WEE KEE DANIEL YAP CHUNG KIAT HO LEON

NG YOU SHENG CHRISTIODY TEO KEAN HUI

Building Construction (ARC 1523) Project 1 : Integrated Construction Detailing and Drawings

TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Introduction of site

2.0 Site and Safety

2.1 Plants and Machinery

3.0 External Work

3.1 Setting out and Earth work

4.0 Foundation

4.1 Foundation type and construction process (from site visit)

4.2 Foundation type and construction process (from reference)

5.0 Superstructure (from site visit and reference)

5.1 Beam and Column

5.2 Slab

5.3 Wall

5.4 Staircase

6.0 Opening

6.1 Window

6.2 Door

7.0 Roof

7.1 Roof type and construction process (from site visit)

7.2 Roof type and construction process (from reference)

8.0 Summary

9.0 Reference

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

1

2-4

5-6

7-12

13-19

20-23

24-26

27-34

35-39

40-42

43-47

48-53

54

55-56

INTRODUCTION TO THE SITE

1.1 Introduction To The Site

SITE A

Location : Lot 37340, Bandar Mahkota Cheras, Mukim Cheras, Daerah

Hulu Langat, Selangor Darul Ehsan.

Date of Approval : 1st October 2011

Owner : Mr. Loo Kok Jiang & Ms. Low Lee Siang

Architect : Architectonic Design

Contractor : Advance Contech Sdn. Bhd.

House Type : 3 Storey Bungalow

SITE B2

Location : Bandar Mahkota Cheras, Mukim Cheras, Daerah Hulu

Langat, Selangor Darul Ehsan.

House Type : 3 Storey Terrace House

SITE B

SITE A

1

2.0 Site and safety Safety signs that commonly found in construction site.

Dress code

• Closed toe shoes only. Work boots are preferred but thick-soled tennis shoes are allowed.

• Due to the nature of the construction work involved, long pants are preferred. However, shorts are permitted, but

cannot be shorter than mid-thigh. No overly baggy pants should be worn.

• Shirts are required at all times. No tank tops, tube tops, spaghetti string tops, or halter tops are allowed. All

undergarments must be covered.

• Protective glasses are provided by Habitat, and are available for all construction site volunteers/workers. A

worker must wear protective glasses any time he or she is operating a power tool or when instructed by a Habitat

construction site crew chief or safety officer.

• Dust mask are provided by Habitat, and are available for all construction site volunteers/workers installing

insulation, sanding, or when instructed by a Habitat construction site crew chief or safety officer.

• Ear plugs are provided by Habitat, and are available for all construction site volunteers/workers using a power

tool or when instructed by a Habitat construction site crew chief or safety officer

Prepared By: TEO KEAN HUI

SITE AND SAFETY 2

2.0 Site and safety

Worker safety series

Safety nets must be used by every construction which is more than one floor to prevent thing falling down and hit people below it.

Scaffolding must be used for every construction site for many purposes such as plastering, painting and so on. It must be equip

properly and strong enough to prevent collapse.

Personal fall arrest systems must be used on every worker that work on the high ground so that he/she can be saved from falling

to the ground.

Ladder must be checked and ensure that is save before using it to avoid anything that is unpleasant happened. Besides, ladders

are required to place at the place that needed so that workers can use it all the time when they need it.

First aid kits are important for every construction site and it must be placed in spot that easily seen so that everyone can find and

use it when needed.

Fire extinguisher must be place in each corner of construction site in case any fire or burning happened can be put out.

Water storage tanks that store clean water is important as a source of drinking water for worker.

Portable toilet must be installed in construction site so that business can be done in a proper place for everyone in construction

site.


Scaffolding

Personal fall arrest system

Safety nets

Ladder Fire extinguisher Water storage tank Portable toilet

SITE AND SAFETY 3

2.0 Site and safety

Electrical equipment

An electrical equipment must be used according to propel instruction and sequences. All the workers are advice to go for training and instruction should be done by a qualified

person but not “do-it-yourself”. Workers are advice to operate any electrical with the presence of instructor until the instructor satisfies with worker’s way of operating electrical

equipment in proper way.

Clean the electrical equipment daily and it should be checked for defective switches, cords, plugs, and proper grounding to avoid any accident happen.

Any electrical equipment that has problem must be report to the Site Safety Officer so that it can be repair or replace.

To avoid from electric shock,

A proper and licenced plug must be used on all the electrical equipment.

Extension wire that used must not have frayed insulation and should not simply wrap it with tapes but to change it or repair it by qualified person.

All the lights used in construction site must equip with the nonconductive guard.

Attitude

Think before you do your work or task.

Ask a Construction Crew Chief or Safety Officer for assistance if you are uncertain about how to do a task or how to operate a power tool.

Concentrate on your task and eliminate distractions.

Know the location of the first-aid kit and how to get emergency help.

Inspect all tools on a daily basis including power tools, hand tools, ladders, and scaffolding.

Advise a Construction Crew Chief or Safety Officer immediately of any unsafe condition or hazard.

The worker get the right to rest to rest 30 minutes for each 3 hours.


SITE AND SAFETY 4

PLANTS AND MACHINERY

2.1 Plants and machinery Backhoe loader, digger, JCB

A big bucket on the front and a small bucker at the back.

Commonly used in urban engineering and small construction projects.

Light transportation of building materials.

Digging holes, landscaping, breaking asphalt, and paving roads.

The buckets attach on it can be remove and replace with another machine to perform other task such as

pneumatic.

Truck, tipper

Mainly function as vehicle that carries sand and stones for construction site.

In Malaysia, the called it “lori hantu”.

The bucket behind it can be change to become other useful vehicle in construction site such as transit mixer

and many more.

Telescoping boom truck mounted mobile crane

Cable-controlled crane mounted on crawlers or rubber-tired carriers.

There are also hydraulic-powered crane with a telescoping boom mounted on truck-type carriers or as self-

propelled models.

Mainly used as a machine to carry different types of load such as steel bars, concrete by using concrete

pouring bucket with little or no setup or assembly.

Transit Mixers

A machine that that used to combines cement, aggregate and water to form concrete in big amount.

Vehicle that carries a big revolving drum to mix the components.

Normally concrete are pour into concrete pouring bucket from transit mixer to use.

Gets cement mixing materials from cement plants.

Plate compactor

Used to compact soil or road surface.

Only for small scale project.

Compacted soil can free from shifts and settles that cause by the exposure to water, freezing and thawing

cycles thus pressure from above due to vehicles or foot traffic that can lead to unstable and uneven surface.

Prepared By: TEO KEAN HUI 5

2.1 Plants and machinery Concrete mixer A machine that that used to combines cement, aggregate and water to form concrete in small amount. Uses a revolving drum to mix the components Concrete pouring bucket Work together with Telescoping boom truck mounted mobile crane to carry concrete from transit mixer. Operate manually by worker. Pneumatic Pavement Breakers A tool that used commonly to break down solid such as stones, harden concrete and bricks. Uses the vibrating system to break down the particle of solid things. Power generator Function as a machine to generate power for other machine that not so big by using fuel. Bar bending machine This machine used to shape steel bar for reinforcement of the building’s parts such as piles and wall. Normally uses power generator to operate. Light lifting machine Used to carry limited amount of load in construction site. Operate physically and manually. Loader Digging holes, landscaping, breaking asphalt, and paving roads. Commonly used in urban engineering. Only one bucket at the front.


PLANTS AND MACHINERY 6

EXTERNAL WORK

3.1 Fencing

Prepared By: KIEW WEE KEE

Galvanized Chain-Link Fence

(used in construction)

Introduction to Chain-Link Fence

A chain-link fence (also referred to as wire netting, wire-mesh fence, chain-wire fence, cyclone fence,

hurricane fence, or diamond-mesh fence) is a type of woven fence usually made from galvanized or

LLDPE-coated steel wire. The wires run vertically and are bent into a zig-zag pattern so that each "zig"

hooks with the wire immediately on one side and each "zag" with the wire immediately on the other.

This forms the characteristic diamond pattern seen in this type of fence.

Types of Link

Knuckle - Knuckle

The wire is knuckled at both ends & is

abbrievated as KK

Knuckle - Barbed

The wire is knuckled at the bottom &

twisted into a barbed selvedge at

the top & is abbrievated as KB

Barbed - Barbed

The wire is twisted into a

barbed selvedge at both

ends & is abbrievated as

BB

7

EXTERNAL WORK

3.1 Fencing

Galvanized Chain-Link Fence

(used in construction)

Terminal

Post Cap

Rail End Band Tension

Band

Terminal

Post

Fence Tie Top Rail

Line

Post

Bottom

Tension Wire

Gate Fork

Latch

Gate Post

Hinge Gate Frame

Hinge

Chain-Link Fence & Gate

(Parts & Lists)

Examples of Chain-Link Fence at Construction Site

Prepared By: KIEW WEE KEE 8

EXTERNAL WORK

3.2 Setting Out

Setting Out Building Outline (Process)

1. Set out the building line

Centre of the road

Peg

Building Line

Kerb Peg

Boundary Distance determined

by the authority

2. Set out the base (frontage line)

Centre of the road

Kerb

Building Line

Frontage Line

A B

First corner peg set to the distance

"D" from the boundary

D

Second peg set the distance of the

width of the building to determine

the frontage line Boundary

3. Set out the first right

angle to the frontage line

B A Frontage Line

90°

Squared Line

C

Peg set well outside the

proposed building's position

4. Set out the second right

angle to the frontage line

Frontage Line B A

90°

Squared Line

C D



Distance set from peg C to

ped D is to be the same as

for A - B; this will ensure

that the lines are parallel

5. Set out the final (Back) line

B A Frontage Line

C D



E F G H


EXTERNAL WORK

3.2 Setting Out

Setting Trenches & Profiles

Typical Trenches Layout

Foundation & Trench

Profile Boards

Wall

Typical Profile Boards

Painted Band

Saw Cuts

50 X 50 Posts

150 X 38

Crossboard

Concrete Strip

Foundation

Trench width markd

with a line/ dots of

dry lime powder for

hand excavation Centre line of trench

marked with dry

lime powder for

machin e

excavationusing

trench width bucket

Profile Boards Cords between

Profiles

When the building has been set outand proved by checking the diagonals,

profiles can be erected to enable the corner points to be easily located after

the trenches had been excavated:

The profile is marked with the wall position by saw cut or nail.

This is particularly

important when the

excavation is to be

carried out by

means of a

mechanical digger.

Positioning of Profiles

Profiles must be positioned well away from the proposed excavations

to allow an adequate working space.


EXTERNAL WORK

3.2 Setting Out

Setting Profiles Level

Level is transferred from

datum to corner peg

Corner profile set to the

required finished floor level

Temporary datum mark is

protected with concrete

Boning Rods

Boning Rod Line of Sight

Line of Excevation/ Depth Required Fixed Level Fixed Level

Site Datum 1 3 2

When setting up profiles, it is essential that they are as

level as possible.

This ensures that lines cross very closely at intersections

Avoids inaccuracies when re-measuring walls and

diagonals before commencing the brickwork.

The profi le can be levelled using an optical or laser level,

and is most conveniently levelled to the DPC level of the

proposed building.

Function:

Used to transfer levels between two

known points.

Speed up the transference of levels.

Eye sight is used instead of a spirit

level.

A simple device used

to quickly position levelling

pegs.

Consists of two pieces of

timber nailed together at right

angles


EXTERNAL WORK

3.3 Earthwork

Types of Earthworks

Earthworks can be calssified based on the tyoe of excavated material:

Topsoil Excavation:

Removal of the exposed layer

of the earth’s surface,

including vegetation. Since the

topsoil, or mantle soil,

supports growth of trees and

other vegetation, this layer

contains more moisture than

that underneath.

Earth Excavation:

Removal of the layer of soil

immediately under the topsoil

and on top of rock. Used to

construct embankments and

foundations, earth usually is

easy to move with scrapers or

other types of earthmoving

equipment.

Rock Excavation:

Muck Excavation:

Removal of a formation that

cannot be excavated

without drilling and blasting.

Any boulder larger than 1⁄2

yd3 generally is classified

as rock.

Removal of material that

contains an excessive amount

of water and undesirable soil.

Its consistency is determined

by the percentage of water

contained. Because of lack of

stability under load, muck

seldom can be used in an

embankment.


FOUNDATION

4.1 Introduction to Foundation

Prepared By: CHRISTIODY

Foundation is the lowest part of the building. The

first function is to support the building and

anchor the superstructure above and transmit its

loads safely into the earth.

Foundation system must anchor the

superstructure to prevent the wind- induced

sliding, uplift and overturning withstands the

sudden ground movements of an earthquake

then resist the pressure imposed by the

surrounding soil mass and ground water.

As the building is constructed, some settlement

is to be expected as the load on the foundation

increases and causes a reduction in the volume

of soil voids containing air or water

Differential settlement

Proper designed construct foundation

Substructure

Anchorage to

resist sliding,

uplift and

overturning

Foundation

13

FOUNDATION

4.1 Types of Foundation systems


Foundation have a lot of combination

of bearing walls, columns and piers to

transmit building loads directly to the

earth.

There are some structural elements

can form various types of

substructures, such as, basement

wholly , crawl spaces, concrete slabs

on grade and a grid of independent.

Two types of foundation systems are

Shallow foundation and deep

foundation.

Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation

Shallow Foundation

Basement

wholly

Crawl

spaces

Concrete slabs

on grade

A grid of

independent

14

FOUNDATION

4.2 Foundation Site Process


1

2

3 4

5 1. Back holder excavating the soil to create the

mold for foundation.

2. The foundation mold has been applied and

ready for pouring cement.

3. Add the steel bar inside the mold that going to

pour by cement to stronger the foundation.

4. Cement Mixer car start pouring cement and the

worker help to spruce up the cement so that the

cement is poured by cement mixer car does not

spill out of the mold.

5. Concrete Foundation wall.

15

FOUNDATION

4.3 Foundation General Process (Underpinning and Footings)


Underpinning means the process of rebuilding the

foundation of an existing building .

Alternative to extend a new foundation wall and placing

new footing

Raft

Foundation

Grid of Ribs

Temporary support while

an existing foundation is

repaired

Support/alternative to

extend new foundation

16

FOUNDATION

4.3 Foundation General Process (Footings)


Isolated Footings Continuous Footing

A cantilever Footings Combined Footings

Column Footings

Wood Post Steel Column

Reinforced Concrete Column

Verticcal reinforcement

Lateral

reinforcement

Steel dowels

Steel base plate

A variety of proprietary

bases are available

17

FOUNDATION

4.3 Foundation General Process ( Foundation walls )


Foundation wall Concrete Foundation Wall Concrete Masonry Foundation

Foundation wall

18

FOUNDATION

4.3 Foundation General process ( Foundation on sloping Ground and Pole foundation)


Pole Foundation means an elevate timber structures

above the ground plane, require minimal excavation

and preserve the natural features and existing drainage

patterns of site.

Foundation on sloping Ground can cause overlapping

soil stress and ground surface should not encroach on

bearing prism of soil rock

Spaced wood beams

(solid)

Poles

19

5.1 Column & Beam

Prepared By: DANIEL YAP CHUNG KIAT

SUPERSTRUCTURE

Column

• A supporting pillar consisting of a base, a

shaft and a capital.

• A structural element that transmits,

through compression , the weight of the

structure above to other structure below.

• Columns are frequently used to support

beams or arches on which the upper

parts of walls or ceilings.

Types of Column

• In ancient, there are three types of columns

been used to construct the support of the

building in Greek and Roman. They are Doric,

Ionic, Corinthian.

• Nowadays, to construct columns, there are

few materials been used such as reinforced

concrete, steel bar and etc.

Materials Used to Construct Column and Beam

on Site

• Reinforced concrete- cement and steel bar

Beam

• A structural element that is capable of

withstanding load primarily by resisting

bending.

20

5.1 Column & Beam

000

SUPERSTRUCTURE

Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2

Diagram 1.3

Diagram 1.1 : Diagram shows that

the steel bar was tied

to the foundation’s

rebar to construct

columns.

Diagram 1.2 : Wooden panels were

set up around the steel

bars.

Diagram 1.3 : 1. Wooden panels

were set up to form

the shape of the

columns.

2. Cement is poured

into the set –up

wooden panels to

form columns.

3. Remove the wooden

panels after the

cement form

concrete shape and

it takes time around

two weeks.

4. Concrete columns

were completely dry

up in 28 days in

normal weather

without raining.

Step to Construct Column

Rebar

Wooden

panel

Cement

1 2 3 4

Prepared By: DANIEL YAP CHUNG KIAT 21

5.1 Column & Beam

SUPERSTRUCTURE

Cement


Diagram 1.4

Diagram 1.4 : 1. Wooden panels are

set-up as the

formwork to construct

the reinforced

concrete beam.

2. Cement is poured

into the formwork to

form concrete beam.

3. Wooden formwork are

removed after 28 days

when it dry.

1 2 3

Pictures shown on the left are the

beams of the site we visited.


SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.1 Column & Beam Advantage of Reinforced Concrete Column:

• It has a relatively high compressive strength;

• It has better resistance to fire than steel;

• It has a long service life with low maintenance cost; In some types

of structures, such as dams, piers, and footings, it is the most

economical structural material;

• It can be cast to take the shape required, making it widely used in

precast structural components. It yields rigid members with

minimum apparent deflection.

Disadvantage of Reinforced Concrete Column:

• It has a low tensile strength of about one-tenth of its compressive

strength;

• It needs mixing, casting, and curing, all of which affect the final

strength of concrete;

• The cost of the forms used to cast of concrete placed in the forms;

• It has a low compressive strength as compared to steel (the ratio

is about 1:10, depending on materials), which leads to large

sections in columns of multistory buildings;

• Cracks develop in concrete due to shrinkage and the application

of live loads.

Pictures shot during site visit

Advantage and Disadvantage of Reinforced Concrete Column

Other Basic Structural of Column and Beam

1. I Beam

2. Steel C Channel 3. Hollow section

1. 2 3.


5.2 Slab

SUPERSTRUCTURE

Slab

• A common structural element of modern buildings.

Horizontal slabs of steel reinforced concrete, are most

often used to construct floors and ceilings , while

thinner slabs are also used for exterior paving.

Concrete Slab

Gravel

Concrete

Ground Slab

Two way

Concrete Ceiling

Slab

Materials Used to Construct Slab on Site

• Reinforced concrete- cement and steel bar


5.2 Slab

SUPERSTRUCTURE

1 2

3 4

Rebar

Cement

Wooden

panel

Diagram 1.5 : 1. Wooden panels were set

up to form the shape of

the slab. Besides that,

the rebar is placed on the

gravel to withstand more

force.

2. Cement is poured into the

wooden formwork to form

reinforced concrete slab.

3. Remove the wooden

panels after the cement

form slab shape and it

takes time around two

weeks.

4. Reinforced concrete slab

is totally dried up around

28 days.


Wooden

panel


SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.2 Slab

Advantage of Reinforced Concrete :

• Reduced project time & Improved Cash Flow

• Shorter start to finish time

Reason of concrete crack: Shrinkage, Rapid Drying of the

concrete, Improper strength concrete

poured on the job.

Prevent slab from crack : Know the allowable water for the mix the

contractor is pouring- or be very sure you

have chosen a reputable contractor who will

make sure the proper mix is poured. It is

more expensive to do it right- it simply takes

more manpower to pour stiffer mixes.


SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.3 Wall

Prepared By: LOO GIAP SHENG

A wall is a vertical structure, usually solid, that defines and sometimes

protects an area. Most commonly, a wall delineates a building and

supports its superstructure, separates space in buildings into sections,

or protects or delineates a space in the open air.

Constructing a concrete brick wall:-

Brickwork bond used on site:

Stretcher bond (Running bond)

Types of bricks used on site:-

Clay brick and Cement sand brick

Features:-

Most common bond

Easy to build

Produces very little waste

Use for interior setting because of its thin wall

Step 1: Foundation

Pour a concrete foundation if you do not have an existing slab, brick

ledge, or footing to work on.

Concrete footing

Soil

Wood board

(formwork)

Aggregate

s

Perspective

view

27

SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.3 Wall

Step 2: Measure the brick

Step 5: Next level brick

Always start at each end then fill in the middle till you get to your destined

height. Remember to adjust your hook line every level you goes.

For example if your brick is 9 5/8 inches long, then you may want to

mark 10 inches intervals for each brick. The remaining 3/8 inch gap

you can fill them with mortar.

Start by putting a brick down at each end of where you want the wall to

go. Measure the size of your brick because bricks come in variety of

sizes; long, short, wide, skinny, etc.

get the length of your wall

9 5/8” 3/8”

10”

Set up the line Fill the middle

Step 3: Set up the line

Hook a line at both ends so it lines up with the very top of the two bricks.

Then fill up the middle.

Keep the height of all bricks the same by using a spirit level or

carpenter’s level. Check them once in a while to be safe.

Spirit level

Step 4: Consistency

Half size brick

Full size brick

Prepared By: LOO GIAP SHENG 28

SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.3 Wall

Step 6: Wiring and piping

After constructing the brick till the top, you have to get all kinds of piping ready

depending on what you need: wire, air conditioner, water and etc. Then, you

need to craft a cylindrical-like space on the wall vertically or horizontally

depending on your piping system. Then, you can start setting up your pipes.

Step 7: Laying the mortar

Before you start to lay the mortar, construct a small flat-topped pyramid with mortar

at every corner and side end (make sure they are all same height). This method is

use to make sure the mortar is laid perpendicularly.

After the flat-topped pyramid mortar has dried, you can now finish off by laying the

rest mortar on the wall.

Constructing a drywall partition wall

Advantages:-

Easy and fast installation

Fire resistant (contains gypsum)

Superior in terms of insulation

Environmental-friendly

Step 1: Mark and record

Determine where you want to place your partition wall and on the

spot, put a mark on the ceiling. From the mark, drop a plumb bob

and mark the floor. Repeat it on the other side where the partition

wall going to end.

Plumb bob Flat-topped pyramid

mortar


Cylindrical-like space

for pipes

29

SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.3 Wall

Step 2: Measure and cut

Prepare studwork timber to make the frame of the partition wall. Using

measuring tape, measure and dimension the size of the wall you want it to

be. Note that the distance between every stud has to be in 16 inches

because:-

The standard dimension of heat and sound insulations are 16 inches as it

could fit exactly into it.

By the time it comes to time, you might want to put things outside the

plasterboards such as baseboard, crown mold, cabinets and etc. It is

good to know where the studs are for nailing and screwing purposes.

Cut the studwork timbers using a saw into the dimension (according to the

size of your wall) shown below:-

Step 3: Assembling the pieces

Lay the cut studwork timber on the floor first then proceed by joining

them together. Drive two 16d nails into each edge at 45 degree angle.

This method is to make sure the studworks are firmly attached.

Step 4: Screw the plasterboards

Cut the plasterboard of that size of the outer frame. Screw the

plasterboard in, at only one side of the frame.

Top plate

Studs

Noggings

Base plate

16

” Maximum

1350 mm

Nail at 45 degree


SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.3 Wall

Step 5: Install insulations

Leave the other side of the wall empty so that you can place the

insulation in. Make sure you install the right type of insulation

depending on what you need: heat, sound, or both. Measure and

cut the insulation into the right size so that it fits exactly.

Step 6: Finish the plasterboards

After inserting all the insulations you want, cover them with plasterboards.

Again, cut the plasterboard of that size of the outer frame and screw the

plasterboard in.

Pre-cast wall

Advantages:-

Rapid construction

Good quality control

Minimal wastage

Disadvantages:-

Limited building design flexibility

Skilled workmanship is required on the site

Connections are difficult

Step 1: Plotting the wall element

Mark the outline of the wall with the dimensions you want.

Step 2: Moulding and placing electric/water installations

Place the electric and water pipes on the mark (depending on what you

need).

Heat/sound

insulation


SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.3 Wall

Step 4: Concrete filling

Pour mortar onto the iron bar.

Step 3: Inserting reinforcement (ironing)

Insert iron bars within the outline of the wall.

Step 5: Vibration and rotation (double wall formation)

After the mortar has dried, rotate the dried mortar and stack it with

another prepared wall.

Step 6: Storing the walls

Hook the wall off to a side as it is available to be cast to

construction


SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.3 Wall

Reinforced concrete wall

Features:-

Higher relative strength

Used in skyscrapers and bridges

Have expansion joints to prevent cracking in response to

changes of temperature

Step 1: Setting steel and inspection

Step 3: Removing forms

Step 2: Formwork and mortar

Set up the skeletal structure with steel bars.

Set up the formwork and pour mortar into the formwork.

After the mortar has completely dried, remove the formwork.

Glass block wall

Advantages:-

Transmit light in both direction

Distorting image to create privacy

Resistance in heat, sound and impact

Cost effectiveness (minimal maintenance)


SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.3 Wall

Step 1: Determine the number of blocks

Measure and plan your project as glass

block cannot be cut. Do not forget the

thickness of mortar joints.

Step 2: Prepare mortar

Mix an amount of glass mortar depending

on your usage.

Step 3: First row

Lay a bed of mortar and start placing the

glass blocks. The spaces between the

end of the block will be filled with

expansion strip instead of mortar due to

climate changes.

Step 4: Second row

Repeat step 3. After filling the second

row, place panel anchors on the glass

blocks and screw them into the side wall

of both ends.

Step 5: Complete wall

Continue laying the glass blocks until the

top. Remember to add panel anchors in

every two rows to increase its endurance.

Expansion strip

Panel anchors


SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.4 Staircase

Stairs is a construction designed to bridge a large vertical distance by

dividing it into smaller vertical distances, called steps. Stairs may be

straight, round, or may consist of two or more straight pieces connected at

angles.


Staircase terminology

35

SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.4 Staircase

Step 2: Determine the foundation’s dimension

The dimensions of the staircase’s foundation are the total length of run

and total width of staircase as you have measured in step 1.

Step 3: Build the form

Use either plywood or framing lumber to build the form. Cut the

side forms according to the tread and riser calculations.

Constructing a stairs

Step 1: Calculate the stairs’ dimension

Standard measurement of:

Rise (7 inches)

Tread (11 inches)

Measure the height of one floor to the other. (to get the total number of rise)

Divide the height with 7.25 inches to see how many steps you will need.

Measure the horizontal distance the staircase will span (total run) and measure the

width of staircase from left to right (total staircase width).


Vertical face

Rise

Run

Total rise

Total run

36

SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.4 Staircase

Step 6: Add finishing touches

Step 7: Leave and wait

Use a simple wood float to clean and smooth the surface of

the mortars.

Spray the stairs with curing compound and cover it with

burlap. After a week, you can remove the form lumber.

Step 5: Pour the mortar

Step 4: Prepare the concrete

You might need a portable cement mixer to produce sufficient

and well-mixed mortar.

Start at the bottom; pour one step at a time. Make sure the mortars are

spread evenly. Use a spade to remove the trapped air bubbles.


Filled with mortar

Wood float

37

SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.4 Staircase

Constructing timber staircase

Step 1: Calculate rise and run

Find the total length of your rise and run. Also, measure the

width of your staircase. Divide your total rise by 7 inches then

you will get your number of steps.

Step 2: Cutting stringers

Mark the tread notches using a framing square

fitted with stair gauges. Cut the notches using a

circular saw. Screw each stringer to the deck-frame

blocking, which was spaced 16 in. on centre. With

the stringers in place, check that each step is level,

and use a block plane to shave down high spots

Step 3: Install treads and risers

Cut the risers to the length and fasten

them to the stringers. Cut the risers and

treads to overhang the outer stringer by

1 ¼”. Leaving 1 ¼” space is for nailing

purposes.


The volume of the stairs

Stringers

38

SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.4 Staircase


Types of staircase

Straight staircase

Circular staircase

Quarter landing staircase

Spiral staircase

Dog-legged or half landing staircase

Winder staircase

39

OPENING

6.1 Window

Prepared By: HO LEON

Window Introduction

There are varies types and sizes of windows, the choices of windows not only affect the physical look of a building, but also the natural lighting, ventilation,

potential view and interior spaces’ spatial quality of a building. Throughout the site visits, I found out there are several types of windows used in the

construction project which provide a good spatial quality.

Basic Window Elements

Window frame

In our visited site, the window

frame used is all metal window

frames .

Jamb

Head

Sill

Rough opening

Exterior casing

Not necessary

used, normally is

drip cap or head

casing.

Casing trim/ Architrave

Sash and Glazing

Window Operation in our visited site

Fixed window

0% ventilation Sliding window

50% ventilation

40

OPENING

Installation methods of aluminium window frame

1. Cast-in window System

2. Sub frame System

3. Lug System

Cast-in window System

Throughout the fabrication and construction

process, the window frame must be protected.

Window frame setting on the precast wall panel

casting mould.

Sub frame system

1. Position the sub frame using

aluminium plate and ride up

blocks.

Ride up block

Aluminium plate

Ride up block

Aluminium plate

Sub frame

2. Check the alignment of the plumb and the

sub frame 3. Anchor the sub frame to the rough

opening.

4. Seal the anchor heads and the joints with the

wall with protection tape on the frame.

Wood

stiffener

Protection

tape

Joint

with wall

Anchor

head

5. Placing main frame on to the sub

frame. Millet is use to knock the

finishing trim.

Millet


6.1 Window

41

OPENING

Lug system

This is the window frame installation method used

in the site we visited. This installation method

straight away use main frame but no sub frame.

V-shaped timber

wedge

Metal straps

Aluminium

frame

1. Clean and wet the

rough opening.

2. Use straps and V-shaped

timber wedge to position the

frame.

Some use

broken ceramic

tiles to position

Metal

straps

Aluminium

frame Mortar plastering

after setting the

frame.

3. Lastly, check the

alignment of the frame with

the wall and prepare to

anchor the straps and start

plastering.

Level peg

Plaster finished

level


6.1 Window

42

OPENING

6.2 Door

Door Introduction

Doors and doorways always provide access from the outside into the interior of a building as well as passage between interior

space. Exterior doors provide weathertight seal and maintain the thermal insulation value. Whereas interior doors should offer

visual and acoustical privacy to the owner.

Basic Doorframe Elements

Door types

In the construction we visited, the client had

demanded to use both wood doors and

metal doors.

Head

Jamb

Stop

Act a stop when the door

closes.

Rough opening

A wall opening to fit a

doorframe.

Casing/ Architrave

A trim which provide finishing to

the joint between door frame and

rough opening

Threshold

Sill of doorway. Providing weather

protection and covers joints of two

flooring materials. It can be replaced

by door mat

Door hardware

Prepared By: HO LEON 43

OPENING

In terms of door operation, the

construction we visited had planned to

use three types of it. Which are the

swinging, surface sliding and

bypass sliding and the folding

doors.

Swinging Surface sliding

Bypass sliding Folding

The client of this construction project demanded wood panel door with sash

to be the entrance door. Wood panel door with sash is one of the design of

wood rail and stile doors.

Possible design of the wood panel door with sash

to be used.

Basic Panel Door Design

Head

Top rail

Frieze rail

Lock rail

Panel

Bottom rail

Frame

Style


6.2 Door

44

OPENING

Installation methods of Wooden Door frame

There are three methods I had researched on the wooden doorframe

installation. Which are:

1. Traditional System

2. Rebated and lift-up door system

3. Sub frame System

Traditional System

The installation of doorframe was done before the

plastering the wall or installing the wall tiles.

Door frame may shrink, damaged or stained due to

movement, tension, moisture condition and temperature

during plastering.

Architrave

Main frame

Wall

Door panel

Traditional System

Rebated and lift-up door system

It provide a gap between door and frame. It cause a better acoustic effect. Make

user easier to uplift door panel with the use of lift up hinges.

Architrave

Main frame

Sub frame

Lift up hinge

Door panel

Rebated and lift-up door

System

Sub frame system

This is the method they used during the installation of wooden door frame during

our site visit.

Door panel

Architrave

Sub frame

Main frame

Wall

Sub frame System


6.2 Door

45

OPENING

Sub frame system process

1. Verify and confirm the door location and the

dimension of the rough opening.

2. Measure the sub frame too make sure the

dimension to be more accurate. 3. Ensure proper alignment between sub frame

and the setting out line.

Plumb bob

To ensure the

doorframe is

straight

Measuring

tape

Metal

Straps

4. After aligned the frame, position the frame

using metal straps. 5. Grout the gap between the sub

frame and the rough opening

6. Measure the dimension of sub

frame in order to install the main

doorframe.


6.2 Door

46

OPENING

7. Apply bonding agent on the main frame and the

sub frame. Apply silicon on the edges of the frame

too.

Silicon

To resist water

8. Install the main frame to the sub

frame using wave nails.

Cylinder Lock Lever Handles

Mortise Lock

9. Install the door panel, hinges and the door

hardwares which use in our visited site.

10. Clean the unwanted material around the architrave area. Mark

down the angle and the distance alignment between the architrave and

the main door frame.

11. Saw the marked architrave and apply

bonding agent.

12. Lastly, hit the nail slant to

achieve stable structure.


6.2 Door

47

ROOF

7.0 Roof

Prepared By: NG YOU SHENG

Roofing Introduction

A roof shape which has two surfaces that rise from the center to the eaves with

a valley in the center; resembles the wings of a butterfly.

The butterfly roof design is not only meant for the good looks but also have

some advantages, the interiors of the house feels very airy and fresh. It also

allows more sunlight to enter the house due to increased height of walls.

Besides, it forms a v shaped valley so the roof is capable of storing rainfall.

However, leakage problem makes the butterfly design less comfortable, it

requires a little bit extra maintenance than other roofing, which is the main

reason why butterfly roof is less popular.

Introduction to Butterfly Roof

A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the

building and its contents from the effects of weather and the invasion of

animals. In most countries, the roof protects primarily against rain, heat,

sunlight, wind, cold and snow.

48

ROOF

7.1 Butterfly Roof and Shed Roof (on site)

Modern Construction Method Step by step

Roof Truss: Sloping Top Chord

These metal trusses are pre-fabricated in a factory and

delivered to site ready for fixing, much simpler than

traditional roofing carried out entirely on site.

Roof Framing

The purpose of a roof frame is to provide a structure that spans the walls of

the building and supports the roof covering. The slope of pitch is to allow rain

water to run off and be drained away from the dwelling. The roof frame also

assists in bracing the structure from wind forces from various directions.

Install Acoustic Insulation Panel on top of Roof Framing

Roofing insulators that prevent heat flux through the roof,

they are set below water proof roofing materials.

Flashing: Install Corrugated Galvanised Steel Roofing on top of

Insulation Panel

pieces of sheet metal usually lead, attached around the joints and

angles of a roof to protect against leakage

1 2

3 4

Prepared By: NG YOU SHENG 49

ROOF

7.1 Butterfly Roof

Basic Rules and Gutter

BASIC RULES OF CONSTRUCTING BUTTERFLY ROOF

LOW END OF

BUTTERFLY

ROOF MAXIMUM 3’

ABOVE

HEIGHT LIMIT

MAXIMUM 4’

ABOVE

HEIGHT LIMIT

HEIGHT LIMIT

EXTERIOR WALL

CENTRAL GALVANISED GUTTER

FALLING TO RAINWATER HEAD

GUTTER BOARDS ON

FRAIMING TO FALLS BUTTERFLY ROOF GUTTER


ROOF

7.2 Steel Framing and Terms of Roof Truss

The roof trusses are made of C-channel steel bars

These steel bars then form roof trusses in the factory, and

the roof trusses were brought to the site, during installation,

they were connected using steel gussets.

Steel Gusset

Terms of Roof Truss Members

Web

Leg

Ret

C Channel Steel

Web Tie

Roofing Webs

Pitch Pitching Point

Top Chord Roof Batten

Fascia

Overhang

Nail Plates

Bottom Chord

Bottom Chord Tie

Overall Length

Normal Span

Ceiling Batten

Cantilever Web

Ceiling

Cantilever Overhang

Pitching Point

Steel Framing

A truss is a frame that supports loads by efficiently

transferring its forces to end supports.

Roof Truss


ROOF

7.2 Types of Roofs

The gable roof has two sloping sides

that meet at the top to form a gable

at each end.

It is the most common type of roof.

GABLE ROOF

The gambrel roof is the variation of a

gable roof. It has a steep slope on

two sides , a second slope begins

partway up and continues to the top.

This type of roof is commonly used

on barns.

GAMBREL ROOF

The gable roof has two sloping sides

that meet at the top to form a gable

at each end.

It is the most common type of roof.

MANSARD ROOF HIP ROOF

The hip roof slopes at all sides,

results in an even overhang all

around the building.

It is a very strong roof and is

commonly found in regions where

have severe storms.

This roof is very popular due to its

low maintenance needed.


ROOF

7.2 Types of Roofs

CURVED PANEL ROOF A-FRAME ROOF

FLAT ROOF SHED ROOF

Curved roof is known for their

aesthetic appeal. Other than that, it

may allow for greater indoor areas or

extra floors where height restrictions

are a concern. In addition, a curved

roof may also help to reduce

resistance to wind.

A-Frame Roof is normally used in

countries which have snowfalls, the

steep slope allows the snow slides to

the ground instead of remaining on

top. A-Frame house have limited

space and are usually built as

vacation cottages.

The flat roof is not perfectly flat, the

rafters are laid at a slight angle to

allow rain water to flow. Sheathing

and roofing are applied to the top of

the rafters.

Shed roof, also called a lean-to roof,

the shed roof is often used for an

addition to an existing building. A

shed roof is similar to a flat roof but

has more pitch.


8.0 Summary

Although both site A and site B are three-storeys building, but we found that the construction process of site B is much efficient. In

our opinion, site B uses more advanced machines and the land area is operated by developer. From our observation, the workers

in site B are more skilled and attentive compared to site A. The superstructure of site B can be pre-casted because it required less

design flexibility.

SITE A (Bungalow house) SITE B (Shop houses)

54

9.0 References

1. Ching, F.D.K., 2008. Building Construction Illustrated. Fourth Edition. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Willey & Sons, Inc.

2. Allen, E. and Iano, J., 2009. Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. Fifth Edition. Hobeken, New Jersey: John

Willey & Sons, Inc.

3. Varghese, P.C., 2007. Building Construction. New Delhi: Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited.

4. Anonymous, n.y.. Design. [online] Available at: <http://www.bca.gov.sg/Professionals/IQUAS/others/doordesign.pdf> [Accessed 16 October

2013].

5. Anonymous, n.y.. Installation. [online] Available at:

<http://www.bca.gov.sg/professionals/iquas/..%5CIquas%5Cgpgs%5CAWindow%5CAWInstallation.pdf> [Accessed 16 October 2013].

6. Anonymous, n.y.. Installation. [online] Available at: <http://www.bca.gov.sg/Professionals/IQUAS/others/doorinstallation.pdf> [Accessed 16

October 2013].

7. Civil Engineering: Advantages and Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://bahkalimantap.blogspot.com/2011/10/advantages-and-disadvantages-of.html

8. Ching, F. K. (2010). Building Construction Illustrated. John Wiley & Sons.

9. Retrieved from http://bernardcustom.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/construction-phase-cantilevered-foundation-wall-awaiting-soil-to-

protect-wall.jpg

10. Construction stages of precast wall [Video file]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jenYP9Acivg

11. How to build concrete stairs the easy way [Video file]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gpdMrbRHBLU

12. How to Create and Install a Glass Block Wall : How-To : DIY Network. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/how-to-

create-and-install-a-glass-block-wall/index.html

13. How to Build Stairs - Easy Steps Building Stairs - Popular Mechanics. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.popularmechanics.com/home/how-

to-plans/woodworking/4224738

55








http://bernardcustom.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/construction-phase-cantilevered-foundation-wall-awaiting-soil-to-protect-wall.jpg





















http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jenYP9Acivg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gpdMrbRHBLU

http://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/how-to-create-and-install-a-glass-block-wall/index.html



















14. How To Build A Brick Wall - Channel4 - 4Homes. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.channel4.com/4homes/how-to/diy/how-to-build-a-brick-

wall

15. How to Quickly Build Small Partition Dry Wall ( Wood Framing ) Inside for Your House. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.wikihow.com/Quickly-Build-Small-Partition-Dry-Wall-%28-Wood-Framing-%29--Inside-for-Your-House

16. Homemag, NY Mag, designingyourperfecthouse.com, Sheetmoss (2010, July). staircase terminology. Retrieved from

http://www.atticmag.com/2011/06/staircase-sensibilities/

17. Types of Excavation ~ Engineers Daily. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.engineersdaily.com/2011/04/types-of-excavation.html

18. Chain Link Fence Index - Chain link fence materials and supplies, free fenceinstallation manuals, calculators, and tips. Our chain link fence

index features links tofence fittings, fabric and mesh, free fence installation manuals and material calculator. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.hooverfence.com/chain.htm

19. Excavation in Construction from Construction Knowledge.net. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.constructionknowledge.net/sitework/sitework_excavation.php

9.0 References

56

http://www.channel4.com/4homes/how-to/diy/how-to-build-a-brick-wall













http://www.wikihow.com/Quickly-Build-Small-Partition-Dry-Wall-(-Wood-Framing-)--Inside-for-Your-House



























http://www.engineersdaily.com/2011/04/types-of-excavation.html





http://www.hooverfence.com/chain.htm

http://www.constructionknowledge.net/sitework/sitework_excavation.php

Business

Building Construction Analysis Report