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2014 Australian Macadamia Society 40th Anniversary Industry Conference
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The opportunities
Prepared by: Name….Dr Bruce Topp
Title….Associate Professor
Date….8 October 2014
What are the new varieties capable of?
Australian Rules Football
What is the common link?
Macadamias
• Born in Scotland, 1827
• Studied chemistry and medicine at
Edinburgh and Glasgow
• 1855, Teacher at Scotch College,
Melbourne
• 1858, Umpire for the 1st game of
Australian Rules Football (Scotch
College v Melbourne Grammar)
This man
• 1857-1863, Secretary and Vice-
President of Royal Society of Victoria
• Baron Sir Ferdinand von Mueller
(Director of Melbourne Botanic
Gardens) was also a member of the
Royal Society and named the
Macadamia after his colleague
• Parliamentarian, Lecturer at the
School of Medicine at Melb Uni and
Postmaster General of Victoria.
John Macadam (1827-1865)
2014 AMS 40th Anniversary Industry Conference proudly
presented by
Outline
• Background
• Project team
• Generations in breeding
• Priorities
• Results from breeding
• Pollination
• Cultivar release timeline
• Seedling v RVT results
• Future research
2014 AMS 40th Anniversary Industry Conference proudly
presented by
Project team
• B. Topp, C. Hardner, J. Neal, A. Kelly, R. Daley, D. Russell, P. O’Hare, A. Kilian, A. Drenth, F. Akinsanmi, R. Huwer, C. Maddox
2014 AMS 40th Anniversary Industry Conference proudly
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Generations of breeding
Gen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
UFSunUFGold
Fla. 84-18c op Diamante
Fla. 9-20c op x
Fla. K5w35
Fla. B-11
Fla. A5-107 (K-gold)
Fla. 4-65
Fla. 2-13 op FV 243-114
Southland
Hawaiian
Palomar
Fla. 68-50 op Fla.88-21Panamint
Fla. R9T10 op FV244-4
Southland
Hawaiian
NCA2219 Fla. 90-50cn
Peach
2014 AMS 40th Anniversary Industry Conference proudly
presented by
Generations of breeding
Gen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
UFSunUFGold
Fla. 84-18c op Diamante
Fla. 9-20c op x
Fla. K5w35
Fla. B-11
Fla. A5-107 (K-gold)
Fla. 4-65
Fla. 2-13 op FV 243-114
Southland
Hawaiian
Palomar
Fla. 68-50 op Fla.88-21Panamint
Fla. R9T10 op FV244-4
Southland
Hawaiian
NCA2219 Fla. 90-50cn
Peach
2Gen 1
Wild
macs
Aust
Jordan 1892
Intro to Hawaii
Nutridgeorchard
Kau
(344)
Macadamia
2014 AMS 40th Anniversary Industry Conference proudly presented by
Breeding opportunities exist
• Very little genetic improvement so far
• Centre of origin is here in NSW and QLD
• We have all the wild germplasm
• New cultivars for improved global competitiveness
2014 AMS 40th Anniversary Industry Conference proudly
presented by
Breeding priorities
• Yield
2014 AMS 40th Anniversary Industry Conference proudly
presented by
Breeding priorities
• Yield• Husk spot• Quality• Fruit spotting bug• Tree size
Traits evaluated
2014 AMS 40th Anniversary Industry Conference proudly
presented by
• All trials
– NIS yield
– Kernel recovery
– Tree height
– Canopy width
• Top 150 seedlings
– Foliage density
– Branch angle
– Tree health
– Stick tights
– Husk spot
– Phytophthora
– Wind damage
– Kernel weight
– % wholes and twins
– Taste
– Kernel quality (insect, mould and 17 defects)
2014 AMS 40th Anniversary Industry Conference proudly
presented by
Controlled hybridisation
Location of seedling trials
2014 AMS 40th Anniversary Industry Conference proudly
presented by
• 4 populations
• planted 1997 to 2014
• n = 5,868 seedlings
• 11 locations,
– Alstonville (south)
– Baffle Creek (north)
Location of seedling trials
2014 AMS 40th Anniversary Industry Conference proudly
presented by
• 4 populations
• planted 1997 to 2014
• n = 5,868 seedlings
• 11 locations,
– Alstonville (south)
– Baffle Creek (north)
2014 AMS 40th Anniversary Industry Conference proudly
presented by
Variation in mean yield across sites
• Low yield at Yandina (1.2 kg/tree)
• Highest at Hinkler (19.8 kg/tree)
• Genetic value is predicted to allow comparison across trials
2014 AMS 40th Anniversary Industry Conference proudly
presented by
Seedling performance
• Compare best seedlings with standards in B1.2
• Similar kernel recovery and canopy volume
• Increase in cumulative NIS yield to age 8 (kg/tree)
• Require validation in Regional Variety Trials
Cultivar release timeline
Produce seedling families Assess seedling trials Determine best performers Assess in RVTs
(regional variety trials)
Time
Cultivar release timeline
Now
Generation:
Produce seedling families Assess seedling trialsplanted2011/16
Produce seedling families Assess seedling trials Determine best performers Assess in RVTsplant97/98
Produce seedling families Assess seedling trials Determine best performers Assess in RVTsplanted2000/03
Cultivar release timeline
Now
Generation:
Produce seedling families Assess seedling trialsplanted2011/16
Produce seedling families Assess seedling trials Determine best performers Assess in RVTsplanted97/98
Produce seedling families Assess seedling trials Determine best performers Assess in RVTs
Release in 2017n= 1,611 seedlings
Cultivar release timeline
Now
Generation:
Produce seedling families Assess seedling trialsplanted2011/16
Produce seedling families Assess seedling trials Determine best performers Assess in RVTsplant97/98
Produce seedling families Assess seedling trials Determine best performers Assess in RVTsplanted2000/03
Top 21 selected Sept 2014n= 1,961 seedlings
Cultivar release timeline
Now
Generation:
Produce seedling families Assess seedling trialsplanted2011/16
Produce seedling families Assess seedling trials Determine best performers Assess in RVTsplant97/98
Produce seedling families Assess seedling trials Determine best performers Assess in RVTsplanted2000/03
2,300 planted so far,
aiming for 10,000
2014 AMS 40th Anniversary Industry Conference proudly
presented by
0
5
10
15
20
4 5 6 7 8 9
NIS
yie
ld (
kg
/tre
e)
Tree age (years)
Hinkler seedling selection
Top 21 seedlings from MIVIC meeting 2014
Future
• Genomic selection
• Husk spot disease nursery
• Rootstock screening
• Wild species– M. jansenii
– M. ternifolia
60% kernel recovery
in M. ternifolia hybrids
Summary
• Breeding for 19 years
• Only 4-6 generations from wild
• 1st cultivar release 2017
• Best seedlings, over 30% yield increase
• Must validate seedling results in RVTs
Acknowledgments
• Grower co-operators and managers at the 11 progeny trial sites
• MIVIC project steering committee
• CSIRO conducted breeding until 2009
• Funding from HAL, AMS, QAAFI, DAFF, NSW DPI
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry