CHEANG EILEEN – CHIN PUI MAN – CHU SZI WEI – HIEW YEN NEE – LEONG CARMEN -LIEW HUI EN – TAN HENG YEE – YONG SEH LI 1006A77249 0310331 0314160 0314212 0314953 0314920 0314941 0314345  

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Bachelor of Science (Honours)(Architecture)

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1 [ARC 1413]

Assignment 1: Experiencing Construction

Table of content      

Chin  Pui  Man  Chin  Pui  Man  (2.0)  

&  Yong  Seh  Li  (2.1)  

Tan  Heng  Yee  &  Hiew  Yen  Nee  

Cheang  Eileen    &  Chu  Szi  Wei  

 Carmen  Leong  (5.1,5.2,5.3)  Tan  Heng  Yee  (5.2)  Cheang  Eileen  (5.4)  Liew  Hui  En  (5.5)  Hiew  Yen  Nee  (5.6)  Yong  Seh  Li  (5.7)  

 

 Chin  Pui  Man  (6.0)  Liew  Hui  En  (6.1)  

Cheang  Eileen  Chu  Szi  Wei  

 

1.0  Introduction  

 

1.1 Introduction of Site  

 

 

2.0  Sites and Safety  

 

3.0  External Work  

4.0  Foundation  

5.3  Wall     

5.5  Formwork     

 

 

3.1  

Setting out and Earth Work  

2.1  Plants and Machinery  

4.1  Foundation type and construction process  (from site visit & reference)           

5.2  Slab  

5.4  Staircase     

6.0  Roof     

6.1  Roof type and construction process (from site visit & reference)     

5.6 Door     

 

 

5.1  Beam and Column  

 

 

 

 

5.7 Windows     

 

 

 

7.0  Summary     

 

7.1  Reference     

As architects and the building industry continue to design and build structures that dif fer in design, type, materials and building method, i t has become important that each party stay familiar with both basic and new concepts of building construction. As t ime pass by, construction methods are constantly being replaced by new and more eff ic ient and cost effective methods to construct buildings. Therefore, architects need to improve with knowledge of building construction in order to fol low trend of technology.

1.0 Introduction

 

AIM: This project is to produce architects with knowledge of building construction by identifying difference types of building elements, construction process, details and materials. This report includes the studies and records of s ite and safety, external work, foundation, superstructure, roof and doors.  

1.1Introduction of Sites

 a.

De’ bunga Residence @

Ukay Perdana

Date of plan approval: Mac 2013

Project tit le

3 strata landed housing scheme (gated community) build 68 units of 3-storey semi-detached houses, 14 units of 3-storey house, 1 unit of electrical substations and 1 unit of guardhouse. Owner

STAR BASE SDN. BHD. [Company no: 521591-H] Level 22, Menara Maxisegar, Jalan Pandan Indah, 4/2 Pandan Indah 65100 Kuala Lumpur.

Architect

Ar. Lee Be Hsin 43-3 Jalan 1/1 16B Kuchai Entrepreneur Park, Off Jalan Kuchai Lama 58200 Kuala Lumpur.

 

Developer & Contractor Sierra Ukay Sdn. Bhd & Ijm Building Systems Sdn. Bhd. Ground Floor, Wisma IJM, Jalan Yong Shook Lin, 46050 Kuala Lumpur.

b. Altitude 236, Luxury Condominium

@ Bukit Manda’rina

Construction starts: September 2011.

Estimated of completion date: October 2014

Project tit le

One block of medium cost apartments of 38-storey high with 31-storey apartments (236 units), 1-storey residential facilities, 4-storey car park, 2 floor of M&E and services and 1 block annex parking 4 and ½ floor and 1 floor recreational facilities.

Owner & Developer MANDA ‘RINA SDN. BHD. Ground Floor, Wisma IJM, Jalan Yong Shook Lin, 46050 Kuala Lumpur.

Architect

PTA Design Sdn. Bhd. No. 37, Jalan Damai, Off Jalan Tun Razak, 55000 Kuala Lumpur.

Contractor Ijm Building Systems Sdn. Bhd. Ground Floor, Wisma IJM, Jalan Yong Shook Lin, 46050 Kuala Lumpur.

   

Safety management is established; a. Prevent injuries and illness b . To avoid direct and indirect cost that related to injuries and properties damages

Ways to prevent injuries and accidents; a. Train all employees on safety steps. b. Material handling and mobile equipment safety. c. Provide protective equipment

Site Safety

Signs warn hazards at locations where hazards exist.

S igna ls are moving signs provided by workers (eg: flagman, flash lights, honks, alarms) to warn possible or existing hazards.

Acc ident-Prevent ion Tags is used for temporary warning. (figure 2.2)

Head Protection

Protective hard hats are to minimize the rate and level which impact forces are transmitted to the brain, neck and spine. Refer to figure 2.3

Figure  2.0.1:  Work  Clothing

2.0 Sites and Safety

Hard hats

S tandard vest with stripes.

Long-s leeved work sh i r t . Nothing less than 4-inch sleeves.

C lose- f i t t ing or medium-fitting jeans.

Sa fety work shoes or boots.

Hard outer she l l ; to resists and defects blows to the head.

Shock-absorb ing l in ing; incorporate a headband and straps.

C l ip on sweatband; absorb sweats before trickles into eyes.

Peak; to protect eyes and face. Figure  2.0.5:    Hard  Hat  Type  2  

           Figure  2.0.3:  Signs       Figure  2.0.4:  Accident-­‐prevention  tag  

Figure  2.0.2:  Signs  

Scaffolding & Planking Scaffold is a temporary structure used to support people and materials.

 

Safety Net Safety net is setup to provide fall protection.

 

Figure  2.0.6:    Scaffolding  at  De’bunga   Figure  2.0.9:  Walk-­‐through  scaffold  

Figure  2.0.7:  Planking  on  scaffold  to  provide  walking  underneath  

Figure  2.0.8:  Proper  planking  system  

Figure  2.0.11:  Walkway  on  scaffold  in  between  building  and  safety  net  

Wooden guardra i ls secured to frame

Tube-and-c lamp guardra i ls to protect outrigger/side platform -Can be adjustable in height and width.

• Walk-through scaffold is frequently used by masonry trade to provide greater height per tier and easier distribution of materials on platforms at intermediate levels.

 

Frames

Pile Driving Equipment A pile driver is used to drive poles or piles into the soil to give foundation support for buildings or structures. It is placed on a pile or pole

Excavator Excavator is heavy machinery composed of a boom, stick, bucket and cab upon rotating platform known as the ‘house’. The house sits on top of an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. Funct ion movement of excavator are achievable through the use of hydraulic fluid,

motors and cylinders. Is used to dig holes, foundations and trenches.

Compactor

A machine used to minimize the size of waste materials or soil through compaction.

Figure  2.0.10:  Scaffolding  at  Altitude  236  

2.1 Plants and Machinery

Figure  2.1.1:  Pile  Driving  Equipment  at  De’Bunga  

Guide consists heavy weight to enable to slide up and down easily in single vertical line. It is placed on a pole or pile. Figure  2.1.2:    Parts  of  Pile  

Driving  Equipment  

Figure  2.1.3:  Excavators  at  De’  Bunga    

Figure  2.1.4:  Views  and  measurement  of  excavator    

Hydraulics, steam, diesel or manual labor is used to raise weight. Once the weight reaches its optimum point, it will immediately released and smashes on to pile or pole in order to drive it into the ground soil.

Figure  2.1.5:  Compactor  at  Altitude  236    

Backhoe Loader Is an excavating equipment consists of digging bucket on the end of the two-part articulated arm. It is also used in construction, demolitions, light transportation of building materials, excavation, landscaping and paving roads.

Bulldozer A bulldozer is a crawler consist of a substantial metal plate, also known as blade, used to push large quantities of sand, soil and other materials during construction and generally equipped at the rear with a ripper to loosen compacted materials.

Figure  2.1.6:    Backhoe  loader  at  Altitude  236   Figure  2.1.7:    Backhoe  loader  at  De’Bunga  

Figure  2.1.7:  Part  of  backhoe  loader  

Figure  2.1.0:  Overall  view  of  bulldozer  

Figure  2.1.9:  Blade  Figure  2.1.8:  Ripper  

Dump Truck Is used to transport loose material like sand, soil and dirt. It is equipped with an open-box bed, which is hinged at the rear and consists of hydraulic piston to lift up the front, enabling the material in the bed to be dumped on the ground behind the truck.

Rebar Bender A device used to bend steel bars and other heavy metals.

Tower Crane Tower crane is fixed to the ground on a concrete slab. It gives the best combination of height and lifting capacity and is used in construction of tall buildings. The base is attached to the mast that gives its height. It is further attached to the slewing unit, which enables the crane to rotate. On the top of the slewing unit, there are the long horizontal jib, shorter counter-jib, and the operator's cab. Forklift

Figure  2.1.11:    Dump  truck  at  De’Bunga  

Figure  2.1.14:  Brief  explanation  of  rebar  bender  

Figure  2.1.12:  View  of  dump  truck  

Figure  2.1.13:  Rebar  Bender  at  De’Bunga  

Figure  2.1.15:  Tower  crane  at  Altitude  236   Figure  2.1.16:  Sectional  view  of  tower  crane  

Forklift truck is used to lift and transport building materials. Its components include the truck frame, counterweight, cab, overhead guard, power source, tilt cylinders, mast, carriage, load backrest and attachments.

Figure  2.1.17:  Forklift  at  Altitude  236  

1. Soil Testing

2. Land Surveying 5. Leveling and Grading 4. Cutting, Filling &

Compacting

3. Site Clearance

Collecting and identifying the sample of soil on site Purpose a) To ensure no hidden chemical/physical condition on site b) Help to choose suitable footing type. c) To know the ground water level to help whether need to carry out dewatering. How? a ) Excavation of Trial Hole ( 2m x1m)

I. Using machinery exactor II. Allow good visual

inspection of the strata b) Drilling boreholes

I. Using hand auger II. Inspection of strata can

only be done by excavated material brought up by auger

Purpose a) To ensure the

boundaries of the property is set precisely

b) To ensure building build at a right boundary

c) To avoid legal problem when construction start

Who ? By Land Surveyor How ? By using Theodolite

Removal of vegetation, stumps, roots and topsoil at least 2’ below subgrade Purpose a) To prevent soil

movement caused by decaying organic matter which may threaten the foundations or other elements of the surrounding site.

b) To prevent future problems like insect infestation, diseased wood and lawnmower damage

Earthmoving operation in which the material excavated and removed from one location is used as fill material at another location. Why? a) The land being filled is

going to be used for building foundations.

b) Compacting earth is to avoid settling.

Device

Bulldozer

Plate compactor

3.0 External Work

3.1 Setting out & Earth Work

Reshaping of the field surface to a planned grade Purpose a) To level the field to its best condition with minimal earth movement b) To provide a slope which fits water supply How? Dumpy level measures the height of two points on a horizontal plane, allowing the builder to measure whether a bit of ground is level or not. Phases of Land leveling operations 1. Rough grading 2. Land levelling 3. Land smoothing. Device

Skid-Steer loaders Dumpy level

6. Setting Out

6a. Pegging Out 6b. Setting Out Corner

Profiles

6c. Mark Builder’s Line 6d. Marking Out on the

Ground from the Profiles

Purpose To ensure that the various elements of the scheme are positioned correctly in all three dimensions. Equipment a) Wooden Pegs - provide with nail fixed at the top center to locate the station point b) Profile Boards - help to indicate the thickness of the wall and width of the foundation c) Builder’s Lines - made out of hemp, string or wire - must not stretch, sag or taut which can cause the profile board to displace or the line itself breaks Device

Theodolite Dumpy level Tripod

1. One of the building

corners will be set up as a

temporary benchmark

by placing a wooden peg

in the ground with a nail on top.

2. Mark two corner of the

building to set out the front line.

3. The lines of all the other

walls are measured from this front line using Pythagoras theorem.

4. After placing 4 pegs at

corner, measure the diagonals (Line x & y) and make sure both are in same lengths

1.When the positions of the corners of the building are known,

profile board will be

used to mark the positions and widths of the wall, foundations and excavation .

2.Saws cut in top of

profile board set horizontal and to know level

1.Saws cut in the top of

Profile board act as marks

and allow builder's line

stretching from notch to notch in opposite profile board -intersection of string mark corner of various part of substructure this black dot mark the corner of the wall to be built and should be exactly over the original wooden peg

1. Marking out on the ground follow the builder’s line as closely as possible by

sprinkle old cement, lime or saw dust on ground.

2. Remove the builder line to allow excavation to carry on as the line will disturb the subsequent work.

7. Trench Excavation

8. Subsoil Drainage System 9. Backfilling 10. Pavement

With the outline of the concrete marked on the ground, excavator digged out between the lines to form a trench How? By using JCB excavator

A drainage system above natural water table that drain away surface water Purpose ? a. Increase the stability of the ground and footings of building b. Reducing foundation movement due to the variation in the soil moisture content. Type of pipes a. Rigid-concrete pipe b. FlexibleHDPE Corrugated Pipe

Used to surround pipes that are buries beneath the surface Why? a. Helps to protect the pipe from damage. b. Acts as a foundation for the road pavement. How? a. Flowable type backfill b. Granular type backfill

Made up of three layers: a. Subgrade: Earth that has been graded to the desired elevation. b. Subbase: A course of material that is placed on the subgrade to provide drainage and stability. c. Base is placed on the sub- base to provide a stable platform for the concrete pavement slab. Why? a. These are essential for a strong,durable concrete pavement system. b. To maintain a good system of roads which is the underlying backbone of our infrastructure.

 

A pile cap is a thick concrete mat that rests on concrete or timber piles that have been driven into soft or unstable ground to provide a suitable stable foundation. It usually forms part of the foundation of a building, typically a multi-story building, structure or support base for heavy equipment. The cast concrete pile cap distributes the load of the building into the piles. A similar structure to a pile cap is a "raft", which is a concrete foundation floor resting directly onto soft soil which may be liable to subsidence.

4.after the completion of a bored pile , the remaining reinforced bars are then extended to form starter bars and the concrete pile is then extended up to ground level or beyond such that the floors of the building rests on the pile.

4.0 Foundation 4.1 Foundation type and construction process

 

 

 

Lateral Reinforcement

1. 2. 3.

4.

•  Number of reinforcement bar used in columns may be varied instead of varying the size of columns.

•  Formations of lateral reinforcement bars depends on the number of vertical reinforcement bars used in a column.

•  Lateral ties should have a minimum diameter of 10mm. •  Space between two ties is not more than 48 tie diameter. •  Type of reinforcement used is usually T12, reinforcement steel with

a diameter of 12mm.

Beam and Column Reinforced concrete column

•  Reinforced concrete column is designed to carry compressive load.

•  Reinforcement bar in concrete increases the column’s tensile strength.

•  Size of columns differs according to the amount of load it has to bear.

•  Length of overlapping reinforcement bar is forty times of the diameter of bar.

•  Vertical reinforcement should not be less than 1% nor more than 8% of the cross sectional concrete beam.

•  Types of reinforcement steel includes T12, T14, T16, T20, T25, T32 and T40.

•  ‘T’ represents reinforcement steel and the numbers indicates the diameter.

•  Concrete columns may be supported by isolated footings or by pile caps.

•  Dowels tie column to supported beam or slab.

Rebars for columns

                  5.1 Beam & Column  

      

       

Simply  supported  beam   Fixed  beam   Con5nuous  beam  

•  Beam  is  supported  by  two  columns  at  both  ends.  

•  Beams  of  a  rela7vely  short  span  uses  this  support.  

•  Beams  that  are  fixed  at  both  ends  either  to  other  beams  or  to  two  walls.  

•  It  is  can  be  supported  by  primary  beams.  

•  A  con7nuous  beam  has  more  than  two  supports  distributed  throughout  its  length.  

•  Used  to  support  a  beam  of  a  large  span.  

BEAM  SUPPORTING  TYPES  

Reinforced  Concrete  Beams  •  Without  reinforcement,  beam  will  crack  when  too  much  force  is  

applied  to  it.  

•  Longitudinal  bar  serves  as  tension  reinforcement.    

•  BoCom  bar  withstands  more  tensile  force  because  force  is  applied  downwards.  

 

•  Depth  of  beam  is  span  divided  by  16  

•  Beam  width  should  be  equal  or  greater  than  width  of  suppor7ng  column.  

•  S7rrups  are  placed  perpendicular  to  the  longitudinal  bar  to  resist  the  ver7cal  component  of  a  diagonal  force.  

•  Reinforced  concrete  beam  is  a  horizontal  structural  component  designed  to  carry  load.  

•  Like  columns,  reinforcement    bar  is  ins7lled  to  withstand  tensile  force.    

 

Reinforcement  bars  of  beam  and  slab  

Steps to build Beams and Column

                             

               

                   

Setting up of reinforcement bars. The thickness of bars and the number of bars used depends on the load it has to bear.

1  

2   7  6  5  4  3  

Cladding of formwork using plywood.

Cement is being pumped and poured into the formwork. A concrete vibrator is then used to released trapped air and excess water.

When the concrete of the columns have dried up, cladding of formwork for beams can be done.

Reinforcement bars for beams are set up.

Cement is poured into the formwork. A concrete vibrator is then used to ensure that the concrete settle firmly in place.

Columns and beams are formed. Excess rebar on top of column is for continuation of rebar for next floor.

• Reinforced concrete slabs are plate structures

laid with reinforcement bar to withstand load.

• It is supported by beams. Hence, force

applied to slabs are transferred to beams.

Suspended Slabs

• Beam that supports the slab

Reinforced Concrete Slab

• Size of reinforcement bar used differs according to the load it has to bear.

• Reinforcement bar placed perpendicularly.

• Thickness of floor slab depends on the load it has to bear.

• Minimum thickness of slab is 100mm.

Reinforcement bars for slab.

5.2 Slab

Ground Slabs

Gravel Stone • Gravel Stone laid as a base to prevent the

capillary rise of groundwter. • Minimum thickness is 100mm.

Damp Proof Membrane • Polyethylene moisture barrier to prevent

water from entering the structure. • Thickness of polyethylene is 0.15mm

Concrete Slab • Thickness depends on the load it

has to bear. • Minimum thickness is 100mm. • Additives may be added to

increase surface hardness and abrasion resistance.

One-Way Slab • One way slabs are

reinforced in one direction and they are casted on a series of parallel beams or walls.

• Force is transferred in parallel to beams.

• Suitable for light load and span of slab is relatively short.

Two-Way Slab • Two way slabs are

reinforced in two directions. It is casted with supporting beams on all four sides.

• Force is transferred to all four sides to the beams.

• Suitable for heavy load. Shape of slab is relatively squarish.

Workers working on ground slab.

1. Ledger is set for the beams.

2. After setting the ledgers. Bearers

will be installed in an interval of

300mm.

Bearer

3. Plywood are installed sides by

sides and bases are installed

between the bearers

4.The props is set for slab

installation . Then ledgers for slab

will be set in an interval of 200mm .

Then,plywood decking will be laid on

the props setting.

Next is the entering of the

reinforcement cages of beams Plywood Decking

5. Spacer blocks are placed

on the plywood decking which

allow sufficient concrete

cover.

6. Electrical wiring system is

installed before placing the

bottom reinforcement.

7.Cement is poured to form

the concrete slab .The

cement is transported by a

concrete pump

8.Dismantlement of the

wooden formwork will occur

after the concrete gain certain

strength.

Types of wall

I. De’Bunga : a) Masonry Wall • Clay brick builds the wall. Bricks are laid in running bond. • Openings are spanned with lintels for installation of doors and windows.   • Thickness of wall is 100mm.

     

                 

   

             

   

                     

         

   

5.3 WALL

 

Figure  5.4.1:  Masonry  Wall  structure  at  De’bunga  

Figure  5.4.2:  Party  Wall  structure  at  De’bunga  

II. Altitude 236 :  

 

Reinforced concrete wall formed by Aluminium formwork • Walls formed by reinforced concrete is load bearing • Pouring concrete mix into formwork with reinforcement bar forms

reinforced concrete wall. • Minimum thickness of load bearing wall is 150mm and 205mm

for party walls.

b) Party Wall  • The wall is built between two houses that are attached to each other. • Thickness of wall is 205mm. • Acts as a fire wall. It slows down the spread of fire to the neighbouring house.

Figure  5.4.3:  Reinforced  concrete  wall  at  Altitude  236  

     

 

                               

                       

  Steps of construction wall

Concrete Column  

Dowel Bar

• Acts as brick reinforcement.

• Placed at an interval of 4 rows of bricks

1  

2   4  3  

Level Peg • An indicator for

the thickness of the plaster.

X-met • Fastened in

between column and bricks to prevent cracking of plaster.

Dash  • Mixture  of  

cement,  sand  and  water.  

• Applied  onto  concrete  surface.  

• To  provide  a  rougher  surface  to  hold  plaster.    

   

Concrete cement

X-met • Acts as brick

reinforcement. • Placed at an interval of

4 rows of bricks. Bricks

• Laid in running bond

Finishing

• Plaster will be done after masonry work.

• Plaster is a mixture of adhesive cement, sand and water.

Wooden formwork of staircase

v  

                   

                                           

 

1  

2   3   4  

5.4 STAIRCASE

 

Temporary panels along the stairway at construction area are set up and braced. Treads and risers on the panel are also laid out. Then, the slab thicknesses at a right angle to the slope of the stairway are measured and a line is snapped.

Temporary panels

Brace

Riser Tread Slab thickness

Rebar

Stringer width

Shores to be cut at angle Soffit panel thickness

Joist width

After that, lay out the soffit panel thickness, joist width and stringer width and snap lines. The next step, shore length and the side form width are determined.  

Soffit panel

Joist

Stringer

Shores cut to length

Shores are cut to length and secured in position. Stringers are nailed to the tops of the shores, joists are nailed to the tops of the stringers and soffit panels are nailed in position. Then, the temporary panels are removed.

Front section

Rebar

Side forms

Cleats Riser form boards Stiffener

Bottom plate Top plate

Treads and risers are laid out on the side form. While the top and bottom plates and stiffeners are nailed through the side forms. Side forms are then fastened to the top of the joists. After the rebar has been placed, cleats and riser form boards are fastened to the side forms. Lastly, the front section is nailed into place.

Figure  5.5.1:  Staircase  construction  formwork  at  Altitude  236  

NOTE: The construct ion o f s ta i rs us ing system formwork at A l t i tude 236 is very s im i lar to wooden formwork such that segments o f the formwork are p ieced together l i ke a j igsaw. System formwork is a t an advantage whereby no wastage o f wood is produced and the a lumin ium mould can reuse over and over aga in . Th is prov ides a one- t ime investment for the contractor as we l l as compared to wooden formwork that can be used once and has to be d isposed o f a f ter usage.

Types of staircase

Both of the sites are having the same type of staircase, which is concrete sta i rs .

A concrete sta i r is designed as an inclined slab with steps formed on its

upper surface. Hence, it often requires careful analysis of load, span and support

conditions.

   

   

                         

                   

   

Shear key

Steel dowel

Nosing bars

Steel reinforcement as required

Horizontal bars extend into sidewall.

Beam support Figure  5.5.2:  Longitudinal  section  of  a  concrete  staircase  

Stair Plans

1. De’bunga

Uses quarter- turn sta i r . Quar ter- turn s ta i r is a L-shaped stair, which makes a right-angled turn in the path of travel and its two flights are connected by an intervening landing which are equal in size.

Figure  5.5.3:  Quarter-­‐turn  staircase  

2. A l t i tude 236

Uses ha l f - turn sta i r . A half turn-stair turns 180 degrees at an intervening landing and this kind of stair is more compact than a single straight-run stair. Two flights connected by the landing here are also equal in size.  

Figure  5.5.4:  Half-­‐turn  staircase  

         

ALUMINIUM FORMWORK SYSTEM

1. ARRIVAL AND UNLOADING OF CONTAINER 2.MATERIAL VERIFICATION 3. PRELIMINARY TASK BY JOBSITE 4. PREPERATION FOR SETTING 5. WALL SETTING 6. OPENING AND SUNKEN SETTING

7. KICKER SETTING 8. AL-BRACKET SETTING 9.SLAB SETTING 10. CONCRETE SETTING 11. AL – FORM DISMENTTLEMENT 12. INSTALLATION OF EXTERNAL WORKING BRACKETS STAIRCASE SETTING

              5.5 Formwork  

      

       

1.ARRIVAL AND UNLOADING OF CONTAINER

2.MATERIAL VERIFICATION

The panels inside each container is unloaded

The supervisor and client’s representative will verify material received based on the packing list. Once the verification is completed the panels is put in order based on set up location.

3. PRELIMINARY TASK BY JOBSITE

As preliminary task, the structural line must be drawn based on the shell plan.

Based on the structural line the rebar must be installed.

Before installing the panels, it is extremely Important to apply sufficient quantity of oil based form oil, in order to prevent the concrete to stick on the panel.

5. WALL SETTING

When installing the wall panels, the job site workers must start on one side of the wall and install the wall panels with the flat ties. Once the set up for one side is completed the opposite side will be completed with the PVC slits.

6. OPENING AND SUNKEN SETTING

Ones all wall panels had been installed, the installation of panels for opening area will start. Ones the up stand has been set up the installation of panels for window area is as follows.

4. PREPERATION FOR SETTING

FLAT TIE AND PVC SLEEVE

1.  BEAM CAP SLAB PANEL 2.  BEAM CAP SC 3.  WALL END PANEL 4.  BEAM CAP SC 5.  BEAM CAP PANEL 6.  PROP AND PROP HEAD

WALL PANELS

WEDGE AND ROUND PIN

1   2  2  

3   3  

4   4  5  

6  

Once the inner and outer panels had been installed, the kicker will be installed on the top of the wall panel in sure that the both four encore will be used while installing the kicker panel.

7. KICKER SETTING 8. AL-BRACKET SETTING

In order the keep the horizontality of the wall, the AL bracket and square pipe will be installed.

The assembly of the main beam will be done by assembling the middle beam, end beam and prop head together. When installing the slab, start with one standard panel at the corner of the room and then install the main beam. Remaining slab panels will be installed.

9.SLAB SETTING

Ones the assemble has been completed, the person in charge of the job site must clarify all panels and accessories had been installed correctly. When this clarification is done, concrete will be poured on wall, beam and slab .

10. CONCRETE SETTING 11. AL – FORM DISMENTTLEMENT

24 hours after pouring the concrete, the dismantlement will start with wall panels. Ones dismantled leave the wall panels , leave the panels along the wall by type and by location. Furthermore, when the panels of opening areas are dismantled insure that the prop remains in its place.

After dismantling the wall panels, the slab will be dismantled. While dismantling insure that the slab panel will not free fall on the floor or on the workers and the prop and prop head will stay in its place. The last area to be dismantled will be the slab corner.

KICKER

AL-BRACKET SQUARE PIPE

JOINT BAR

BEAM

SLAB PANELS

PIPE SUPPORT

PROP HEAD

MIIDDLE BEAM

When installing the external plat form, install them in a distance of 1.2 meters using the thyroids. Once the bracket of the plat form has been installed, install the timber for the platform and safety rail.

12. INSTALLATION OF EXTERNAL WORKING BRACKETS STAIRCASE SETTING

The staircase must be installed as follows. Installation of the wall panels on the down area.

Installation of the slab panel, beam and props. Installation of the upper part panels. Installation of the lower panels.

Using the same method shown, the installation and dismantlement of the aluminum formwork will be repeated until all of the floors are completed.

Installation of the side panels. Finally installation of the step and cap panels. Insure that there will always be props on two level, to support the slab .The external working platform must be installed on two levels.

STEP PANEL

CAP PANEL

WALL PLATFORM

TIMBER PLATFORM

SAFETY RAIL

ADVANTAGES OF ALUMINIUM FORMWORK SYSTEM

SPEED UP CONSTRUCTION PERIOD BETTER WORKING ENVIRONMENT INCREASE IN WORKER’S SAFETY INCREASE IN WORKFORCE’S SKILL

SLAB PANEL -used to support the concrete weight during concrete pouring and casting

PROP HEAD- used to joint the beams together and the prop head was connected with the pipe support

MIDDLE BEAM-Used to joint the prop heads and supports the slab panels

JOINT BAR-Used to joint the prop heads with the beams

WEDGE AND ROUND PIN- used to joint the Wall or Slab panels together.

FLAT TIE- used to joint the wall panel to the opposite side’s wall panel.

PVC SLEEVE-installed between the wall panel and the opposite side’s wall panels. Flat ties is inserted inside the PVC sleeve to prevent the casting of flat tie to the concrete.

AL-BRACKET AND SQUARE PIPE- used to allow horizontal straightness of the wall panels.

5.WALL

9. BEAM AND SLAB

DESCRIPTION OF ACCESSORIES

FLAT TIE WALL PROP HEAD AND PIPE SUPPORT STAIRS

CONCRETE PUMP PIPE

EXTERNAL PLATFORM

 

Door A door f rame is a building component used to hang a door. Frames used in residential buildings are typically made from wood. Its surrounds and supports the

entire door system.    

5.6 DOOR

 

Figure  5.6.1:  Wooden  door  frame  at  De’bunga  

Figure  5.6.2:  Wooden  door  frame  at  Altitude  236  

Rough Opening An opening in a wall into which doorframe is fitted. Head Door jamb Stop/Doorstop The projecting part of doorframe against which a door closes. S i l l

Figure  5.6.3:  Wooden  door  frame  at  Altitude  236  

• To hold the doorframe before it gets harden/fix in position.

• To prevent from falling

Cas ing (Tr im) The moulding that surrounds the doorframe for looks. Jamb The door frame that surround the actual door. Attached to door by hinges. S top Small strip of wood that surrounds the entire inside perimeter of the door and stops the door from swinging in to far. H inges Attach the door to the doorjamb (frame).

                           Types of Door              

Slab Door The most popular door that used by everyone

French/Hinged Door Two door panels that lock in the middle and swing in or out

Dutch Door The top part can be move while the bottom shut.

G l id ing Door A door with two or four panels that slide past one another

B i -Fo ld Door A system of hinged doors that stack against a wall

Sa loon Door A pair of lightweight swing doors often found in public bars

                           Types of Mechanism  

Open Close

H inged Door The doors are hinged along one side to allow door to pivot away from the doorway in one direction but not in the other. The axis of rotation is usually vertical.

Open Close

Fo ld ing Door The door operated by fitting the pivots of one door into the top and bottom pivot brackets.

Open Close

S l id ing Door Pivot door slides allow the door to pivot open then slide back into the sides of the cabinet.

Open Close

Rotat ing Door The door typically consists of three or four doors that hang on a central shaft and rotate around a vertical axis within a cylindrical enclosure. It is either be mounted at the central pivot or attached to the door wings.

Types of Windows

5.7 WINDOWS

Single Casement Window Casement windows are hinged on the either side and open outward to the right or left. It is usually taller than wide, their entire sash opens to provide top-to-bottom light and ventilation.

Picture Window Picture window is a large fixed window in a wall, generally without glazing bars, or glazed with only minimum reflection of glazing bars near the edge of the window. Picture window provides an unblocked vie, as if framing a picture on the wall.

Single-hung Window Single-hung window has two sashes but typically the top sash is fixed and only the bottom sash slides. The advantage of sash window that it provides cooling effect of interiors during warm weather. By opening both top and bottom of a sash window by equal amounts allows warm air at the top of the room to escape, thus drawing cool air from the outside into the room through the bottom opening.

Fixed Window A fixed window cannot be opened. Its function is limited to allow light to enter. This type of window is used in where only light or vision is needed and there is no ventilation is possible because the use of trickle vents or over glass vents is absent in this type of window.

The hardwood sill helps to improve its weathering qualities, which overhangs the face of the brickwork. Where the window is set well back from the outer wall face, it is necessary to incorporate a precast concrete sub sill.

Mullions should be through tenoned into heads and sills, an the transoms stubtenoned into jambs and mullions.

Opening casements are held in a closed position by casement fasteners, while both casement and ventlights can be fixed in a number of open positions by means of casement stays, which may be either the peg or sliding varieties.

Installation of Casement Window

The window opening is spanned externally by a brick-on-edge arch backed by a reinforced concrete lintel.

As the flat arch has little strength it is supported by a mild steel angle, with ends built into the brickwork. The exposed edge painted for protection.

The window frame may be fixed to the sides of brick jambs.The jamb may be fixed to the brickwork by screwing or nailing to hardwood plugs let into mortar joints.

6.0 ROOF

Cross Gable

From the site at De’bunga, the roof

constructed is cross gable.

Lookout

A short bracket

for supporting

the overhang of

roof.

Fly rafter

Either of the end

rafters in the part

of a gable root

that projects

beyond the

gable wall.

Valley Rafter

A rafter

connecting the

ridge to the wall

plate along a

valley.

Valley Jack

A jack rafter

extending from

a valley rafter

to a ridge.

Cripple Jack

A rafter joining

a hip to a

valley.

Hip Rafter

A rafter forming the

junction of the

sloping sides of a

hip roof.

WOOD POST-BEAM

CONNECTION

METAL

STRAP

PLAT

E

FLATTER

SLOPES

BACK TO BACK

SHEAR PLATES

GREATER

SLOPES

i. RIDGE CONNECTION

ii. POST-BEAM CONNECTION

METAL FRAMING ANGLE

-BOTH SIDES OF BEAM

METAL TIE

STRAP

FLAT

ROOF

LOAD BEARING WALLS

1. WEAR COURSE

2. ROOFING MEMBRANE

3. RIGID FORM OR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE

INSULATION

4. VAPOR RETARDER

5. SMOOTH TROWELED FINISH TO RECEIVE

INSULATION AND ROOFING

6. REINFORCED CONCRETE ROOF SLAB

PARAPET

WALL

ROOF SLAB ARE SUPPORTED BY BEARING WALLS OF

REINFORCED CONCRETE.

THE UPTURNED EDGE BEAM HAD FORM A PARAPET WALL.

THE FLAT ROOF IS SLANTED FOR WATER DRAINAGE.

SUMMARY:

Throughout the whole of this project, we manage to obtain more knowledge and guidance of Malaysian building construction methods compared to that of lecturers and in-class

learning. Besides that, we have learned that throughout the process of building construction, compromises are made and the plans produced by architects are not finalized and it’s a

process of evolutions that occurs from the beginning to the end of the project.

In the first site, De’Bunga Residence, we were able to witness a three-storey bungalow at its pre-roofing stage such that most of its structural components were already completed.

We learned the different names of materials in which the contractors used such as splash dash, beam starter bars, wire mesh and key holes in the mortar walls for the door frame. All of

which are rather new terms we have not learned in class. This help broaden our “architectural vocabulary” as some of these terms are not written in the books and vary from country to

country. At the same time, we were able to improve our observation skills.

During our second site at Altitude 236, we were fortunate enough to be able to visit a condominium in which we managed to experience a totally different variety of construction

methods such as using reinforced concrete to construct everything from walls to roofs and floors. The machinery used in high-rise construction is very different as well such that they

have to transport building materials from ground level all the way up to the construction area.

Lastly, we as a team would like to thank the people in which has given us guidance and took time to patiently explain the different components of the construction site. We would

also like to thank IJM the developer for allowing us to visit their construction site and for providing us with the information we need to complete our assignment.

7.0 Summary

7.1 Reference

1. Francis D.K. Ching (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4thth ed.). Canada : John Wiley & Sons . (Original work published 1943).

- See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.IAP1nV35.dpuf

2.Stephen Emmit and Christopher A. Gorse (2010). Scaffolding. Barry's Advance Construction of Buildings (2nd ed., pp. 13-63). United Kingdom, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. (Original work published 2006).

-See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.CGtvjdMz.dpuf

3.Watts, A. (2010). Modern Construction Handbook (2nd ed.). London, England: SpringerWienNewYork. (Original work published 2001). - See more at:

http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.wuj9UxoZ.dpuf

4.Sarkar, S. K. (2012). Construction Technology (1st ed.). India: Oxford University Press. (Original work published 2008).

-See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.MMZ0Vo1i.dpuf

5.Roy Chudley and Roger Greeno (2005). Construction Technology (4th ed.). Harrold, England: Personal Education Limited. (Original work published 1973). - See more at:

http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.JpkMre3r.dpuf

6.Edward Allen and Joseph Iano (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods (5th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. (Original work published 1938).

-See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.MfgdTH7J.dpuf

7. Deplazes, A. (2012). Constructing Architecture (2nd ed.). Basel, Switzerland: Birkhauser. (Original work published 1997) - See more at:

http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.XyPGNvQQ.dpuf

8. Francis D.K. Ching (2013). Introduction to Architecture (1st ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and sons. - See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.QFmEW525.dpuf

9.Broadhurst, T. (n.d.). About the Old House Web. Retrieved October 9, 2013, from http://www.oldhouseweb.com/about-the-old-house-web.shtml

-See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.MxlYMDQu.dpuf

10. Organizations of America States. (n.d.). Organizations of America States. Retrieved Oct 6, 2013, from http://www.oas.org/cdmp/document/codedraw/sectionb.htm

See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.flvFOjAv.dpuf

11. bag, j. (2012, May 24). Kumkang Aluminium Formwork System [Video file] [Video file]. Retrieved Oct 17,2013, from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I85iQCvOT_I - See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.xIkWGGwz.dpuf

12. Cheah, D. (2011, Dec 10). Casting of 1st Floor Beam & Slab [Video file] [Video file]. Retrieved Oct 5,2013, from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MquLVCiCYtw&feature=youtu.be - See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.a6E3t6qM.dpuf