Mark HoldernessGlobal Forum on Agricultural Research

Balancing the Equation:CGIAR and Capacity Development in National AR4D Systems

The Global Forum for All in Agricultural Innovation

CGIAR & International research FAO IFAD Farmers organizations Civil Society Organizations Private sector networks Advanced research - G20 MACS & BRICS Regional Fora – AARINENA, APAARI, CACAARI, EFARD, FARA,

FORAGRO Advisory Services - GFRAS Education Institutions - GCHERA Youth - YPARD

• Farmer-centred thinking

• Stakeholders learning & innovating together, managing benefits & risks

• Catalyzing collective actions

• Mobilizing agricultural innovation systems, engaging all sectors

• Institutional reorientation & changed attitudes/values

Convergence of Research, Extension, Education and Enterprise, Policies & Resources

joed

ale.

type

pad

The Global Forum: Breaking down the sectoral walls

• CGIAR accountable for research outputs • Shared responsibility for development

outcomes

What is the underlying vision of success?

To be an ever-expanding research business unit?

Or

To help enable countries to achieve self-capability in research to be able to address their own challenges?

CGIAR Reform

Partnership withShared objectives

Joint Commitments

Knowledge TransformationAccess & Use

Knowledge Generation

Learning & Scale-out AR4D

Demand

Foresight & prioritization

Impact

Evaluation

The AR4D CycleSocietal demand

Feedback

Immediate Outcomes

Enabling factors

Research in Development

Innovation pathways

Enabling environment

& inputs

Desired development

outcomeInstitutions & capacities supporting agriculturaldevelopment & innovation

GCARD 2010: Knowledge & innovation are essential, but are not themselves sufficient for development

For small-holders and farmers -Empowering them with both opportunities for learning and information , i.e. Make them knowledge-able

For rural technicians and artisans- Technical and vocational training

For extension workers/change agents-Training in soft /personal mastery skills

For entrepreneurs, traders, processors, wholesalers & those who interface with producers and business people - Improving agribusiness education in agribusiness

For policy makers, scientists, researchers- Providing opportunities to study in the wider contexts of economic dev’t, security, world trade, climate change,

(I. Frempong, 2012)

Building the Human Capacity Pyramid

As poverty reduces, the prime challenge will become the intractable problems of societal inequalities and civil conflicts:

Agricultural production does not itself equal poverty reduction or access to nutrition:• India is self-sufficient in tonnage yet has up to 40% child stunting• China is moving 200 million people from smallholding farms into cities

in the next decade to reduce rural poverty and ‘feed’ factories

22 Countries have been both food insecure and in protracted conflicts for over a decade:• 17 of these are in Sub-Saharan Africa• Iraq lost 2/3 of its AR4D capacity during the recent war• 5 years ago, NARIs of Eritrea and Liberia had one agricultural

research PhD each

Need to look beyond macro-production data alone, question inequities and engage civil society - needs new AR4D capacities

Development is changing as economies grow

Productivity gap – a constraint of technology, or of inputs vs returns and risk aversion in changing practices?

Rethinking agriculture from an engendered perspective… gender-blind technology is not gender-neutral…

Need greater PPP investment in labour & time saving in production & processing, in value addition & market access

Poverty reduction – future challenges will be in reaching the poorest sector – usually rural poor

Impacts of disrupted systems – e.g. protracted crises – what role for civil society and PPPs in protracted crisis countries?

Foresight – envisaging our desired agricultural futures and the innovation we need to get there – and its implications…

Re-imagining agriculture – Capacity development requires Smallholders to have a say in envisioning their own futures

Global public investment has been growing (ASTI & GFAR, 2012)

Following a period of declining growth rates, global public spending on agricultural R&D grew by 22 percent during 2000–2008;

Long-term government commitment to agricultural R&D and supportive policies have fuelled increased agricultural productivity and overall economic growth

China and India together accounted for around half the global increase, other large middle-income countries - including Argentina, Brazil, Iran, Nigeria, and Russia also increased

¾ of global AR4D investment is in G20 Nations India now has 24,000 agricultural scientists, of whom 4,800 are in

ICAR institutes Private-sector involvement in agricultural R&D has increased, but

mostly in agribusiness, rather than agricultural production

The changing face of capacity investment

NEPAD target: at least 1 % of GDP to R&D In 2008, Africa spent $0.61 for every $100 of AgGDP on agricultural

R&D Africa under-invests in agricultural R&D, still limited operational

budgets & aid project dependency What can the CGIAR do to help fund & leverage more?

The Investment & Capacity Challenge

Achieving a more open and inclusive system…?

Year % of CGIAR funds to partners

2004 14

2005 16

2006 14

2007 15

2008 16

2011 16

2012 17

Impact of the CGIAR Reform

• CGIAR receives 2/3 of all donor support to AR4D in Africa (EIARD, 2011)• Transparency on funds scored lowest in 2012 CGIAR partnership survey• Overall funding has greatly increased due to the reform, 5-25% to partners• Yet for Challenge programs 35% went to partners in 2007 & 2008

Rapidly changing roles and perceptions of the agricultural private sector in development:

Private sector encompasses all areas for which services are paid for by the client, rather than being paid for from public funds.

Balanced by social and environmental considerations: agriculture and entrepreneurship are products of cultures and societies.

Roles include: • Input service provision, • Enabling environment – credits, insurance etc • Markets for produce and processed foods, fibers, fuels etc.• Smallholder farmer & cooperative enterprise • Farmers as entrepreneurs, economic growth is a basic

driver for change• But the poorest remain largely excluded - govt safety nets ?

Re-imagining the value chain

The International private input sector is changing fast: What does this mean for the CGIAR’s role in countries?

Iowa State Univ. 2012

•Top 5 seed companies 9.4% market share in 1995, 45.9% in 2011•Driven by research costs & scale of returns, economies of scale and regulatory procedures & costs

The Global Forum

Delivering advanced research products through seed, with IP protection has led to very rapid takeovers & consolidation in the seed industry:

Private and public partners must truly understand and share the same objectives from the outset

How can PPPs reach the poorest, where there is least commercial imperative?

What can we learn from producer & market self-investment in innovation e.g. commodity crops, into the public sector?

How to identify, understand and empower the customers in these processes?

What policy and investment environment is required to ensure benefit to small farmers?

How can famers be empowered & supported to grow their own livelihoods? – information access, market awareness, collective actions, support systems, innovation brokers, business mentors & incubators, risk management…

Some PPP Challenges

Lack of productivity and market gain, high cost of inputs and transportation costs, exploitation by middle men.

Public- private sector dialogue on investment in agricultural infrastructure: irrigation, transportation, warehouses...

Opportunities for Business Development Services, market sourcing, financing of early stage agribusinesses

Enabling business environment & platforms for PPP interaction along value chains e.g. Kenya Agribusiness and Agro-industry Alliance (KAAA)

More participation of youth, women and poor in agribusiness in financial, labour, service & goods markets

Small farmers and traders are under-represented and vulnerable.

Some key capacity challenges need to be resolved by policy changes and investment

New Technologies: Information and Communication, Bio-Technology and others applied individually and together Bringing new opportunities in agricultural services, agro-industries and agribusiness

Using Open Access Data and Networked Local Weather Stations with Forecasting Models for Risk Aversion and Management

e.g. In Kenya for Crop, Disease and Pest and Insurance in Smallholder Tea and Coffee Plots

Role of CGIAR Open Access Policy?

Create ‘instant’ capacities through Information Open Access, Transformation & Use in direct farmer support

Earth University ethical entrepreneurship: Social and environmental awareness and commitment, capacity to generate positive change.

Student loans to start a business venture during their first three years study,

Gain a comprehensive understanding of what it takes to start a business

No more parrots! Dynamic and participatory, facilitated learning:

Students explore real challenges and become active participants in generating knowledge, not passive receivers of information.

Re-inspiring the Youth, the entrepreneurs of tomorrow: e.g. Earth Univ., Wageningen Univ.

Almost 50% of farmers are women, yet receive 10% of income and 5% of technical assistance in agriculture, often not even considered as farmers

Women farmers, given equal access to inputs, are as productive as men farmers

Research and innovation often totally miss women’s

needs:

Women as entrepreneurs

needse.g. Niger • Men want input

technologies, production and returns

• Women want labour & time saving, value addition and household nutrition

Working through Action Partnerships to achieve real change

CGIAR is a key actor within the Global Forum

Strengthening International: National linkages and common purpose across diverse sectors

Driven by national & farmer-centred needs

Challenging norms and assumptions from diverse perspectives

Building Collective commitments to change

Delivered through the GFAR stakeholders themselves

Addressing CD in the GFAR Medium Term Plan

Transformative investments stimulated to provide tangible opportunities for the world’s poor

3.1: Smallholder producer entrepreneurship & new forms of public-private investments explored for new income and market opportunities from agricultural innovation (ESFIM+)

3.2: Investments and returns in national AR4D systems better determined through global monitoring system (ASTI+) among key actors

3.3: New funding mechanisms fostered in national systems , directly empowering end-users to shape agricultural research & innovation processes (DURAS & Prolinnova+)

Outcome 3

Collective initiatives fostered to improve Capacity in Agricultural Innovation

4.1: Contribute to more coherent global action (TAP) to strengthen capacities of innovation systems

4.2: Transformative changes facilitated in function, relevance and entrepreneurial curricula of formal agricultural education and informal learning (GCHERA)

4.3: Advocate & facilitate processes for opening of access to information systems (CIARD) for sharing, transforming and using agricultural knowledge among national systems

4.4: Fostering of a global mechanism (GFRAS) to reform & strengthen processes in the advisory service & extension sector through capacity development & collective learning

Outcome 4

Agricultural research and knowledge is embedded into rural development agendas

5.1: Coordination and management support to establishment of the Gender in Agriculture Partnership (GAP) , innovative collective, self-driven global movement for greater gender equity

5.2: Self-reliant youth platform (YPARD) enabled to increase in size and scope, enabling young people to take active part in shaping global AR4D reforms

5.3: Action network (Kigali Movement, CFS) on knowledge management and innovation for growing out of protracted crises, multi-stakeholder support mechanisms and transfer of expertise

Outcome 5

Accountability, transformational change & development impacts in AR4D systems increased through more effective governance & greater stakeholder involvement

6.1: Mutual public accountability and learning on transformative processes fostered & tracked among AR4D stakeholders via GCARD processes.

6.2: More effective governance of agricultural research for development priority setting and implementation through enabling multi-stakeholder participation in fora in each region and Globally

6.3: GFAR roles in supporting International policy processes and strengthening coordination of bilateral and multilateral systems

Outcome 6

FAO SO1-6

GFAR – Catalyzing partnerships & programmes for action among all those generating, accessing, adapting & using agricultural knowledge & technologies

CGIAR – Reform & new Strategy of International agricultural research system requires partnership, consultation & accountability

GCARD - Outcome-focused process & milestone meta-conferences for transforming and strengthening agricultural innovation systems around the world

The Global Conference on Agricultural Research for Development – a process for change

In last 4 years, GFAR has catalyzed many stakeholder actions delivering to the GCARD Roadmap principles

GCARD 2012 has set out commitments from all concerned, GCARD3 tracks processes of change and learns via meta-event

Reforms of CGIAR & FAO provide important change–enabling environment for collaboration and wider reform

Need to leverage from CGIAR investments into national capacities and investments

Achieving impacts requires our combined efforts, equitable processes and commitment to practical actions

Need to foster greater coordination with and within users: farmer organizations, CSOs, small enterprises, cooperatives etc

Resourcing is a collective responsibility, requires still greater coherence & innovative thinking into national systems

Where we are now

Implications for CGIAR & national innovation systems

Technological options are choices determined by societies

Farmer is the client – not just the taxpayer

International role in leveraging national support & assistance

Requires effective accountability & feedback mechanisms

Empower farmers (her!) with innovation investments, credit, land & input access & skills

Transform education with new skills ,approaches & mentoring

Share knowledge and learning via multi-stakeholder platforms

Develop support systems for collective enterprise

Thank Youwww.egfar.org