13th October, 2012

> 17% of the world’s human & 11%

livestock population and counting

4.2% of the world’s water

2.4% of the world’s area

142 m ha cultivated & 60 m ha net irrigated

138% cropping intensity

52% of population earns livelihood in agriculture

14.0% contribution in GDP

10.5% earning of total exports

India Today…

India’s Population 1961 to 2051

Total and Urban

Rural

Urban

547 million

1210 million

1620 million

Pressures on Natural

Resource Base

Deforestation

Soil erosion

Desertification

(million ha)

Land degradation 107.43

Water erosion 57.15

Degraded forests 24.90

Wind erosion 10.46

Salt-affected 6.32

Acid-affected 12.00

Others 8.60

Per capita agricultural

land availability

0.34 ha (1950-51)

0.17 ha (1999-2000)

0.12 ha (2010-2011)

Biodiversity for

Posterity

World

Estimated Species 10 million

Documented species 1.72 million

India: Among the 12 Mega bio-

diversity Centres

India: 3 of the 34 Hot Spots of

Biodiversity

12% of world’s flora

7% of world’s fauna

National Bureaus of Plant,

Animal, Fish, Microbes and

Insects

Economy and Per Capita Income

Three scenariosBusiness as Usual (GDP growth 5.43%)

Repeat of 1970-2010

Kneejerk reforms like 1991 if economy slides

Phase of high growth, followed by emphasis on inclusive growth

Maintain momentum (GDP growth 6.0%)

Consolidate gains of post 1991 reforms that gave growth rate close to 6.7 % for

two decades

Reforms, but at slow pace

Crisis forces long term initiatives to check populist policies

Emphasis on balancing growth and sustainability

Upside scenario (GDP growth 8.0%)

India takes 37 years to achieve what China did in 30 years. It overtakes China to

become top economy in PPP in 2050 (The Wealth Report 2012)

Dynamic private sector, strong institutions and vast potential

Chances of another bout of reforms to take economy to new growth trajectory.

How Much Food will be Consumed?

8597

30497

12159

40312

54183

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

1970 2010 2050

BAU

MM

UPSIDE

Food spending (`)

Share (%)

40 yr. back

1970

Present

2010-11

2050

BAU MM UPSIDE

Food share in income 58 23 9 10 6

Food spending 4.65 14.42 49.37 65.27 87.72

Per capita food spending 8597 12159 30497 40312 54183

Total Domestic Demand for Various Food

Commodities: million tonne

Food ItemsPresent Projected for 2050

2009-2010 BAU MM Upside

Cereals 196.4 311.5 358.7 406.9

Pulses 17.8 35.1 46.3 50.3

Foodgrains 214.2 346.6 405.0 457.1

Edible Oils 15.7 29.5 39.0 45.2

Vegetables 131.8 258.9 342.2 438.6

Fruits 71.2 231.0 305.3 183.4

Milk 111.5 303.7 401.4 483.6

Sugar 22.0 44.1 58.3 58.2

Meat 6.0 10.4 13.8 18.1

Eggs 58.2 139.2 183.9 202.5

Fish 7.1 16.9 22.4 27.0

Past and Required Growth Rate to Meet Domestic

Demand (%/year)

Items HistoricalProjected for 2050

BAU MM Upside

Cereals 2.25 0.67 1.03 1.36

Sugar 2.57 1.39 2.12 2.11

Pulses 0.92 1.84 2.57 2.79

Edible oils 2.81 2.80 3.54 3.94

Vegetables 3.35 1.63 2.36 3.01

Fruits 3.31 2.90 3.64 2.29

Milk 4.39 2.26 2.99 3.49

Meat 4.22 1.31 2.04 2.75

Eggs 5.66 2.09 2.83 3.08

Fish 3.55 1.72 2.45 2.94

Total 1.92 2.57 2.82

Land ScenarioLand Use type: million hectare

Increase in crop intensity will result in 17 per cent increase in area under cultivation

Quality-Quantity dimension

Land type 1970 2010 2050

Forest 63.8 69.6 69.6

Non Agriculture uses 16.5 26.3 42.0

Barren and Unculturable land 28.1 17.0 10.3

Permanent Pasture and Grazing 13.3 10.3 8.1

Miscellaneous trees and groves 4.4 3.4 4.4

Culturable waste 17.5 12.8 9.3

Fallow land other than current 19.3 24.9 19.3

Net Area Sown 140.8 141.4 142.6

Crop intensity 117.7 138.5 161.0

Reporting area 303.7 305.7 305.6

Water ScenarioWater demand projection: NCIWRD and IWMII

IWMI: Projects increase in Net area under irrigation from current level of

63 mh to 81 mh and gross irrigated area from 88 mh to 117 mh

Water demand in Agriculture and other sectors: BCM

Source: IWMI, 2007.

Sector 2000 2010 2025 2050

NCIWRD, Planning Com.

Irrigation 557 611 807

Total 710 843 1180

IWMI

Irrigation 605 675 637

Domestica 34 66 101

Industrialb 42 92 161

Total 680 833 900a Domestic withdrawals include those for livestock water demand which is 3.2 BCM b Industrial withdrawals include cooling needs for power generation

Energy Scenario

Source: Dolf Goelen, Nathalie Trudeau, Dagmar Graczyk, Peter Taylor (2009). Technology Development

Prospects for the Indian Power Sector, IEA Working Paper Series, SPT/ETP/2009, Paris.

Type 2005a 2010a 2020a GR 2005-20 2050b GR 2010-50

Electric 319 369 479 2.75 704 1.29

Diesel 341 382 461 2.03 842 2.03

Pumping 462 492 551 1.18 809 1.29

Farming 197 258 389 4.64 711 2.03

Total 659 750 940 2.40 1520 1.78

Source: Stephane de la Rue du Can, Michael McNeil, and Jayant Sathaye , India Energy Outlook: End Use Demand in

India to 2020 , ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY, January 2009, USA

Electricity Demand and Supply TWH

Type of use 2006-07 2050 Growth Rate

Total 526 3229 4.21

Agriculture Uses 99 174 1.29

Agriculture share 18.8 5.4

Agriculture Energy use and Projections: P Joules

Manpower in AgricultureSectoral Composition of Output and Workforce

1970 2010 BAU Mm Upside

Output share %

Agriculture 41.7 14.5 6.0 6.4 4.1

Non-Agriculture 58.3 85.5 94.0 93.6 95.9

Workforce share %

Agriculture 72.1 53.2 27.2 27.2 27.2

Non-Agriculture 27.9 46.8 72.8 72.8 72.8

Workforce size: million

Agriculture 126 244 171 171 171

Non-Agriculture 181 459 627 627 627

Main Targets

A four fold increase in land productivity

A three fold increase in water

productivity

Doubling of energy use efficiency

A six fold increase in labour productivity

Low carbon emission

Productivity Gains

CommodityProductivity

1950 2011 Times

Food Grains, kg/ha 522 1921 3.7

Fruits, kg/ha 8600 11700 1.36

Vegetables, kg/ha 7500 17300 2.30

Fish, kg/ha

(Aquaculture)400 2900 7.25

Milk litre/lactation 583 1080 1.8

Eggs, No./bird 50 248 4.96

Towards Knowledge Management

Resources to Decisions

Ideas - Innovations

Insight - Vision

Information - Knowledge

Skills - Technologies

Agricultural R&D

Rainfed agriculture, Diversified agriculture, Integrated

Agriculture

Secondary Agriculture, Speciality Agriculture, Stress-

Agriculture

Climate-Smart Agriculture (Resilient varieties and breeds)

Enhanced Input Use Efficiency (Reduced cost of

cultivation)

Health Management (genomics, diagnostics, vaccines, One

Health approach)

Farm Mechanization, Energy Management, Primary

Processing and value addition

Animal Husbandry: An Ancient

Practice in India

Dates back to 6-10 millennia

Became symbol of socio-

economic status & religious

Seals from Harappa site

depicting domestic and wild

animals underline

significance of animals.

Vedic people worshipped cow

as goddess Laxmi

Vedic wars fought to protect

animal wealth

70 million dairy farmers

199 million (15 % global) cattle and

105 million buffaloes (56% global)

140 million Goats (16.8 % : second after China)

71.5 million sheep

0.52 million camel (down 18% from 2003)

0.26 million mithuns

0.08 million yaks

11.1 million pigs

Indian Livestock

(DAHD 2010)

Livestock Production at a Glance

CommodityPresent Annual

Production

Rank in the

World

Demand by

2020

Milk (million tonnes) 127.3 I 152

Meat (million tonnes) 5.1 V 11

Eggs ( in billions) 65.5 III 88

Fish (million tonnes) 8.3 II 12

Contribution of Livestock GDP

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2208-09 2009-10 2010-11

16.04 15.4614.69 14.29

13.3612.41 12.34

4.02 3.9 3.74 3.63 3.68 3.58 3.37

25.04 25.2 25.46 25.39

27.5928.86

27.28

Ag. (%) Total GDP AH (%) to Total GDP AH (%) to Ag. GDP

1950-51 1968-69 1990-91 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

17.0 21.2

53.9

102.6107.9

112.2 116.4121.8 127.3124.0

112.0

176.0

251.0260.0

266.0273.0

281.0

Milk Production (MT) Per Capita Availability (gm/day)

Milk

Production

Meat Production (million tonnes)

1998-99 2002-03 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

1.92.1

2.3

4.04.2

4.5

4.95.1

1950-51 1968-69 1990-91 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

1.8

5.3

21.1

50.7

53.655.6

60.3

63.065.5

5.0

10.0

25.0

42.0

47.0

49.051.0

53.0

Egg (billion nos.) Per Capita Availability (nos/annum)

Poultry

Wool Production (million kg)

1950-51 1968-69 1990-91 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

27.529.8

41.2

45.244.0

41.043.1 43.0

44.4

Rural poultry strains

Gir Cattle

Murrah Buffalo

Improved Germplasm

Improved goat

germplasm

Marwari Horse

Mewari Camel

Crossbred cattle

germplasm

Frieswal crossbred cattle with milk yield of 3000 kg/lactation

Vrindavani cattleFrieswal cow

Improved Murrah buffalo yielding >2500 Kg/lactation

Improved germplasm

A Cross Bred Cow under Trial in a Village Produced 59.5 kg Milk

Garole X Malpura Crosses of sheep (introgression of FeC B- twinning gene)

Improved germplasm of goats with increased weight gain and milk production

Jamunapari Sirohi

Meghalaya Local Ghungroo Duroc

Hampshire Crossbred piglets

Pig Germplasm

Animals for the

highlanders

Yak

Mithun

Yaks: Bos grunniens

White Yak Hairy Forehead Yak Common Yak

Bisonian Yak Bare-Back Yak

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

7000062000

14000

50002000 50 30

Different Genetic Strains of Mithun: Bos frontalis

Arunachal Pradesh Manipur

Nagaland Mizoram

Improved breeds/ strains for backyard poultry laying 170 eggs/year

Female

Gramapriya

Vanaraja

Male

Female Male

34

Improved strains for Quails, Ducks, Turkey, Guinea Fowl

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Broiler Layer Rural

3 3

1

6 6

10

76

191980 - 1990

1990 - 2000

2000 - 2010

Poultry strains developed over a period

Breeds with

Over 300

eggs/year

Global Warming

There is a gradual

increase in the

average temperature

of the Earth’s

atmosphere in the

last 100 years…It

has risen about 1°C

since 1900…

Global Anthropogenic CH4 budget

Enteric fermentation , 28%

Natural gas , 15%

Solid waste , 13%

Oil, 1%

Fuel stat. & mobile , 1%

Biofuel combustion , 4%

Biomass burning , 5%

Manure, 4%

Rice , 11%

Coal, 8%

Waste water , 10%

Methane emission by livestock in India

Global India% of

global

Livestock population

(Million) 4599.7 529.2 11.51

Enteric methane emission

(Tg/year)109.44 12.97 11.85

Methane emission from

waste (Tg/year)12.67 1.24 9.79

Total methane emission

(Tg/year)122.11 13.21 11.64

A. Feeds: quantity and quality is adversely

affected

B. Impact on livestock pastures and forage

crop production

C. Changes in distribution of livestock disease

and pests

D. Direct effects on animal health, growth and

reproduction

Climate Change: Direct And Indirect Impacts On

Livestock And Livestock Systems

Response to Heat Stress

Reduced feed intake

increased water intake

altered metabolic rate

increased evaporative water loss

increased respiration rate

altered blood hormone concentrations

increased body temperature

reduced uterine blood flow

Dry Areas of India

Peculiarities of Arid Zone

Low & erratic rainfall <400 mm (cv. 80-40%)

High Temperature (45-48ºC)

High wind velocity (20-40 km hr-1)

Frequent Drought

Sandy Soil with Low Soil WHC

Poor Soil Fertility

Degraded Natural Vegetation

Wind & Water Erosion

Acute Water Scarcity

Poor Water Resources

Lowering Ground water Table

Hostile Climate, Fragile Natural Resources,

Socio-Economic Constraints, Poor Market facilities

Low Biomass Production/ Crop Failures (not dependable)

Animal Husbandry + Perennial Vegetation provides stability

Camel

Production

Thrive well and reproduce in

semi-arid and arid areas

Lower water requirements

and excrete less water and

nitrogen in urine

The amount of digested cell

wall carbohydrate is much

larger

Hsp70 gene cluster

(HSPA1A,HSPA1B &

HSPA1L) are actively

transcribed in different camel

tissues even under normal

physiological conditions

Declining population of camels by

50% during the last 4 decades is a

matter of serious concern

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

Change in Camel Population(million)--Rajasthan

CamelPopulaion(million)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

Camel Population(million)--India

Population

Years

The Bactrian Camel (Ladakh)

Dwindling rapidly : < 100

Non functional sweat glands

Can only conserve heat but cannot dissipate heat effectively

Approaches for alleviating thermal Stress

Animal

Housing

Management

Nutritional

ModificationsBiotech

Options

Improved

Health

Service

Animal shelter design

Animal shade

Cooling system

Sprinkle system

Forced ventilation

Seasonal specific feeding

Fiber feeding

Feeding Fats and Concentrates

Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation

Water Requirement

Livestock Diversity

Genetic Selection

Genomics/proteomics

Embryo Transfer

Stress Resistant Species

Monitoring and control

Epidemiological surveillance

Rapid investigation of outbreaks

Geographic information system

Laboratory and Field Research

Milk Production in India and the United States

Milk Production Estimates

AnimalNo. in milk

(in millions)Av. Yd. (kg/d)

Milk (million

tonnes)%

Indigenous

cows

28.8

(53%)2.14 22.5 20.3

Crossbred

cows

10.1

(65%)6.87 25.4 22.8

Buffaloes35.5

(67.2%)4.57 59.2 53.3

Goats 28.9 0.37 3.9 3.5

Issues and Constraints

Feed and fodder availability

Poor per capita milk yield

Livestock health

Livestock infertility

Clean milk and Meat Production

Climate Change

Cost of Kit: Rs 260=00

Estrus Synchronization Kit for Sheep and Goat

Application Estrus induction and synchronization in

small ruminants Useful in getting 3

lambings/ewe in 2 years

Features Controls cyclicity of animals

Status State Animal Husbandry Deptts./Extension

Units at Transfer Block level

Cost Rs. 10.60 for one dose

Kit consists of

Sponge 25

Speculum 1

Plunger 1

A farmer Shri Suresh Kumar, Village Kunjpura, Karnal, Haryana with his buffalo

which was successfully treated for anestrus and administered ovsynch protocol.

The animal conceived and delivered a calf

Buffalo which had not conceived for 5 years belonging to Mr. Suresh Pal, s/o

Mr. Mahiram, Village - Pundrak was treated with ovsynch and declared pregnant

Buffalo heifer (5 years old) belonging to Sh. Jaswant s/o Sh. Hari Singh of village Narukheri which was treated with heatsynch and declared pregnant.

Embryo Biotechnology

Cloning

Embryo transfer

IVF

55

Identical Twins of Sahiwal from Split Embryos First ever IVF goat kid in

India

World’s first cloned buffalo calf was

produced using economical Handmade

Cloning Technique

World’s second cloned buffalo calf

named ‘Garima’ was produced using

Handmade cloning technique

Estimated requirement & availability of feed

resources by 2020

CategoryRequirements *

(million tons)

Availability *

(million tons)

%

Deficit *

%

Deficit #

Dry fodder 530 404 24 11

Green fodder 880 590 33 35

Concentrate 96 61 37 45

* NIANP estimates# (XII plan document)

Export of oil cakes and bran (tons)

The quantity of oil-meals exported if used domestically can result in additional

12-15 million tons of milk annually bridging the deficit gap

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

Castor seed Ricebran Groundnut Rape Soybean

Changes in the area under fodder, forest, fallow, pasture and cultivable wasteland

Category & area (million Ha) 1990 2010 2020*% change over

1990

Gross cropped areas

(Excluding fodder crops)174.1 188.1 196.8 13.0

Fodder crops 8.3 7.9 7.09 -14.2

Forest 67.4 69.6 69.3 2.8

Permanent pastures & grazing 11.3 10.2 9.5 -16.0

Misc. tree cops & groves not

included3.8 3.3 3.1 -17.1

Cultivable wasteland 15.1 12.9 11.7 -22.2

Current fallow 13.7 15.7 14.4 5.1

Other fallow 10.3 9.8 9.8 -4.7

Declining fodder area, CPRs and plateau in the area & productivity of food crops. Waste and fallow lands are under exploited due to labour shortage, uncertain rainfall and increased cost of inputs

* NIANP Projections

CONSTRAINTS

Concentrate FeedTechnology options

Strategic supplementation of limiting nutrients

Ration balancing with local feed resources

Alternate feed resources

Researchable issues

Precision feeding

Exploring newer unconventional feeds

Enhancing bio-availability of nutrients

Policy issues

Export of oil cakes and by products

Quality and safety assurance of animal feeds

APPROACHES

Alternate feeds

Unconventional cakes

Dry roughage

Technology options

Popularization of chaffing, baling

Urea-treatment process

Complete feed block technology

Researchable issues

Food-feed crops

Straw quality assessment

Lignin biodegradation

Appropriate farm machinery for minimizing biomass

loss

Policy issues

Incentives for better crop residue management to

prevent the burning/alternate uses

Fodder ware houses

Subsidizing/custom hiring of the machineries for better

fodder management

APPROACHES

APPROACHES

Fruit & vegetable waste

Azolla

Green Fodder

Technology options

Silage and hay making

Azolla cultivation

Varieties for different agro-climatic zones

Improved cropping system

Researchable issues

Hydroponics

Newer varieties (higher yield, sustain

environmental & soil stress)

Policy issues

Better utilization of common property resources

Strengthening linkage between ICAR-DAHDF-

Milk Federation-NGOs

Strengthening of fodder seed chain

NSC & SSC to be mandated to promote fodder

seeds

Hydroponic green feed production in poly house system

Application Complete feed with all nutrients for improving

production

Features Locally available feed resources can beutilized

to prepare balanced ration . Easy to handle and

transport. Aids in resource based feeding

Status Commercialized

Cost Rs. 16-18 for 3.5 Kg Block

Feed Block for livestock

Bypass Protein (UDP) Feed

Application By incorporating 50% of total protein as by-pass

protein in concentrate mixture/ compound feed

Features Useful for high producing animals (>10 litres)

Status Available commercially

Cost Treatment cost Rs. 60 to 80 per 100 kg

protein supplement

Area Specific Mineral Mixture

Application As feed supplement

Features Provides specific deficient micronutrients and

improves productive and reproductive efficiency

by 20% and 50-60% respectively

Mode of

Transfer

Through milk federations/Feed

manufacturers/AH departments/extension units

at block level

Cost Rs. 0.63 for 40g

i.e. dose/adult/day

Features Antigen/ Antibody based kits for diseases like

FMD, PPR, Blue Tongue, Brucella, IBR, etc.

Status Some kits commercialized, others awaiting

commercialization

Economic

Benefits

Prevention of loss due to

diseases with resultant

economic benefits

Animal disease Diagnostic Kits

DEGCURE MIXTURE for treating

Selenium toxicity in animals

Application To be supplemented in feed or mixing

with jaggery or dough @ 30 g/day

for 30 days

Features To counter Selenium toxicity in

buffaloes

Status Technology awaiting transfer

Cost Rs. 30/kg mixture

Herbal drug for skin diseases

Application Herbal ointment to be applied on the infected

part of the skin locally once a day for 5-7 days

Features Named as Olinall’ the treatment is effective for

all kinds of skin diseases including fungal

diseases and wounds

Status Technology transferred to Pvt. Industries

Economics

Benefits

Cost effective treatment, Easy to apply, broad

spectrum for skin diseases

Animal Products

Animal Products Technology

Low cholesterol ghee, Mango Lassi with

extended shelf life, Ghee, fortified with herbs

developed.

Indigenous technology for production of

Rasmalai, kulfi, kheer mix, gulab jamun mix

with longer shelf life

Arjuna Ghee

Low CholesterolGhee

Instant Rasmalai Mix

Mithun Leather Products

Goat Milk Paneer Mithun Milk and Hide Products

Designer low fat paneer from yak milk

Livestock Products

Value Addition

Low Cholesterol Ghee Chicken Meat (low fat)

Value added products from Camel

Preservation of eggs through Oil-coating

Application Eggs are spray-coated with edible

vegetable oil containing anti-oxidant

or liquid paraffin

Features Eggs can be stored for 30 days at

ambient temperature (31C) and 120

days at refrigeration (5C)

temperature

Status Awaiting commercialization. Can be

taken up by Commercial houses/egg

processing sector

Cost Oil-coating cost Rs. 1.30/100 eggs

Pickled Eggs

Application Simple method for pickling of quail/chicken eggs

increased shelf life

Features Process can be easily practiced in rural areas much

investment, special skill and dependence on

refrigeration

Status Awaiting commercialization. Can be taken up by

Commercial entrepreneurship/ egg processing

sector

Cost Rs. 10/10 pickled quail eggs

Rs. 30/10 pickled chicken eggs

Production of Non-woven Wool Blended Felt

Application Utilization of Inferior grade rabbit wool and

length crossbred sheep wool for production of

superior quality lightweight felts

Features Felts have excellent softness, porosity or air-

permeability and absorbency. Can either be

used in the household or as medical textiles

(wound dressing, absorption padding) and

jackets

Status Can be taken up as a cottage industry

Cost of

production

Rs. 10 per sq. ft

0

5

10

1950-51 1995-96 2005-06 2011-12

0.75

4.956.37

8.4

Fish

Production

trends in India

Inland, 29%

Marine, 71%

1950 - 51

Inland, 45%

Marine, 55%

1995 - 96

Marine, 43%Inland

57%

2005 - 06

Marine, 38%Inland,

62%

2011 - 12

Production in mt

Exclusive

Economic

Zone of

India

Potential of Fishery Resources in the Indian

Exclusive Economic Zone

58%35%

1% 6%

0-50 50-200 200-500 Oceanic

Potential Fishing Zone

Chlorophyll Distribution

PFZ Map

0.1 mg/m3 5.03.01.0

Estimated Users: 37000

No. of Nodes : > 370

Mode of Dissemination

SMS, Radio, TV, Web,

Kiosks, Telephone, Fax,

Email

Carbon Footprint by Marine Fishing Boats

CO2 emission:

Catch ratio

1980 1:1.3

1998 1:0.9

2007 1:0.8

CO2 emission:

Catch ratio

Trawlers 1:0.56

Gill netters 1:0.71

Dol netters 1:0.69

Other Mech 1:0.70

Total Mech. 1:0.60

Motorised craft 1:2.08

Fossil fuel consumption by marine fishing boats is around

1,380 million liters per year

CO2 emission by marine fishing sector is around 3.6 million

tonnes per year

Gold Fish –

Fish Gold

Annual Global trade:

US $ 900 million

AQUA TOURISM

Eco Tourism in North East

Geographic shift of fish in

River Ganga

A shift in geographical distribution

of warm water Gangetic fishes, G. giuris P. ticto, X. cancila, M. vittatus, Catla catla mainly

inhabiting middle and lower

Ganga, towards upper Ganga at

Haridwar and above

Haridwar stretch during the period

1970-86 recorded annual mean

minimum water temperature

(13ºC), while during the period

1987-2003 it increased to 14.5ºC, an

increase of 1.5ºC

A congenial habitat for these warm water fishes

Impact on Inland fisheries

Advancement of breeding period

Fish seed hatchery in district of North 24 Parganas reported an

advancement of the breeding season by more than a month in the

last two decades

Indian major carps breeding started during 24-31 May during 1980

where as during 2005 all the hatcheries started breeding programme

during 7-14 April

It shows an extended breeding period by 45-60days with breeding

season extending from 110-120 to 160-170 days at present

Advanced Breeding Period of IMC at

different hatcheries of 24 Pgs (N)

Multiple breeding

Extension of spawning season –

(Year-round seed)

2-3 folds increase in spawn

production

Reduction in broodstock

requirement

Cryopreservation of carp milt

Protocol developed for Carp

spermatozoa

Used in several hatcheries for

reduction of inbreeding

Carp breeding and Hatchery Management

Brood stock management:

Density, water, feed, health

Use of exogenous hormones for

induced breeding:

Pituitary extract

LHRH-A

Ovaprim, Ovatide, Wova-FH

Development of different hatchery

systems for mass-scale seed production:

Glass jar hatchery

Eco-hatchery

Portable FRP hatchery

Balanced feed

formulations for different

size groups

Use of non-conventional

resources as feed

ingredients

Small feed mills with 100

kg capacity a day

Fish meal trap

Fish Feeds

Bran-oil cake mixture in carp farming

Farm-made feed in different regions

Floating feed used in culture of

catfish- Pangasius pangasius

Formulated sinking pellets in

freshwater prawn farming

Supplementary Feeding

Feed MillsSeveral commercial feed plants established in Chhattisgarh and

Andhra Pradesh – sinking and floating petllets

Feed Development for Coldwater Fishes

Seabass Formulated Feed –

CIBA BHETKIAHAR

Present and projected use of feeds and feed ingredient and the requirements by

2020 for freshwater aquaculture and marine shrimp culture in India

Major Feed/Feed Ingredients Present use per annum

(tonnes)

Projected requirement per

annum by 2020 (tonnes)

Freshwater aquaculture

Rice bran & wheat bran 85 800 163 020

Oil cakes 5 980 11 370

Marine ingredients (for prawn feeds) 6 000 10 000

Others 2 600 4 940

Shrimp Culture

Formulated feed 193 500 307 500

Fishmeal 36 000 73 800

Squid meal 2 700 5 535

Shrimp meal 11 250 23 062

Mantis shrimp meal 15 000 30 750

Soybean meal 33 000 67 650

Cereal flour 30 000 61 500

Fish oil 4 500 9 225

Lecithin 750 1 537

Binders 1 500 3 075

Argulosis in carpsArgulus siamensis is the dominant species in Indian

aquaculture.

Loss goes up to ` 300 crore per year.

Avermectin group of drugs are effective in their control.

Host-parasite interaction study have been conducted at CIFA.

Work on development of immunoprophylaxsis for its

prevention is on progress.

It was first reported in May, 1988 in India.

More than 30 species of fish are recorded to be

infected.

Causative agent: Oomycetes Aphanomyces invadans

Recurrence of this disease has been reported again in

northern parts of India.

Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome

Common and most prevalent

bacterial pathogen in fish culture

May cause outbreaks

Both serological and molecular

diagnostics are available.

No vaccine available so far.

Selection programme has generated

one disease resistant variety of rohu

with selection response of 58% after

second generation of selection.

Aeromonas hydrophilainfection in fish

Loss was more than Rs 300

crore/annum during 2004-05

Caused by M. rosenbergii nodavirus

and associated with extra small virus

OIE Reference Laboratory in Vellore,

India

CIFA, CIBA and CIFE have developed

diagnostics for this disease besides

other Labs of India

Studies have proved recombinant

protein of MrNV for reducing viral

load in infected prawns.

White tail disease in M. rosenbergii

WMD in Scampi

MrNV nested PCR

676bp

301bp

1kb

DNA

ladder

100bp

ladder

Viral Disease in Fish & Shrimp

WSSV in shrimp

Taura syndrome (TS) serious viral disease

in shrimp

Lymphocystis disease (LCD)

Loose shell Syndrome (LSS)

Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN)

WSSV affected shrimp with White spots on carapace

Iridovirus infection in Seabass showing

highly reduced visceral organs

Gross signs viz., Size variation and dark

discoloration seen in MSGS shrimp

Diagnosis

Immunodiagnostics and molecular

diagnostics against important

microbial pathogens (A. hydrophila, E. tarda, Flexibacterand Pseudomonas spp.)

Treatment

Therapeutics, CIFAX-A

formulation against EUS, Herbal

products

Prevention and Control

Immunostimulants: glucan,

levamisole, chitosan

Fish Health Management

Diagnostics developed at ICAR

Institutes

PCR-based diagnostics for

white spot virus of shrimp

(Monodon baculovirus)

Immunodiagnostics (ELISA

and latex agglutination kits)

for Edwardsiella tarda,

Aeromonas hydrophila,

Pseudomonas fluorescens, Vibrio alginolyticus & latex

agglutination kit for white spot

virus of shrimp

Fish ProductsGelatin from fish skin:

Yield - 15%

Green Mussel Extract

Chitosan from shrimp

waste: Yield – 8%

Ready to Eat Products

Ornamental fish feedFishkure

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