AE Rio 2011 - Escolas Europeias Jose Tribolet

José Tribolet

Presidente do INESC – Instituto de Sistemas e Computadores

Professor Catedrático de Sistemas de Informação

Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa.

Rio de Janeiro, 14 Abril 2011

Panoramica do tema EE na Europa

As 4 “Escolas” de E. E. Na Europa

T.U. Delft – Jan Dietz , Jan HoogervorstOntologia Empresarial, Governação Empresarial

GSDM – Generic Systems Development Model

T.U. Lisbon – Jose Tribolet, Pedro Sousa

Organizational Self Awareness (OSA)

Arquitectura, Transformação e Controlo Empresarial


Antwerp Univ. – Jan Verelst, H. Manaart

Controlo da Complexidade Empresarial

Software, Processos, Arquitecturas Normalizadas

St. Gallen Univ. – Robert Winter, A. Albani Method Engineering, Business Engineering

Design Science and Design Research

ENTREPRISE ONTOLOGY

5

6

7

8

9

FIRST THINGS FIRST

EO&EA@SONAECOM CEPEI da Área Científica Sistemas de Informação – DEI, IST

The Enterprise Physics 101 Zachman Questions

What is an Organization “made of”?

What does an Organization “do”?

… Why? When? Where? How?


Usual Top-View Answer



The Bottom Line Truth



The usual Computer Engineering version:

An Organization is a System

This system is composed by

subsystems

These subsystems interact with each

other.


The “usual” Hard Science

Systems Approach:

An Organization is a complex and

dynamic network of computers,

intelligently interacting with each

other, while some of them are still

being operated by “users”!


The “usual” Soft Science Approach:

An Organization is a tribe of Humans

playing their cultural, social,

political games

under a variety of forms of

management by MBA trained

leaders.


Our T.U.Lisbon approach:

An Organization is a dynamic, time-

varying choreographic orchestration

played by humans, using whatever

tools, they have, namely computers, to

act on their environment.

O CONFRONTO

COM

A REALIDADE

Tautologias

O Ser Humano é um Nó activo

na Rede transacional de Agentes que mudam,

a cada instante, o estado do Mundo

Tautologias

Uma Empresa É o que os seus Agentes activos,

humanos e computadores, FAZEM,

num dado instante e local,

ao longo do todo o tempo e em todos os lugares.

Tautologias

A arquitectura do hardware

de todos os Seres Humanos

é idêntica!

Tautologias

Arquitectura do Ser Humano:

5 classes da canais de I/O, Memória Massiva Neuronal,

Elevado numero de Processadores, muitos dos quais dedicados

a Processamento Semântico de alta complexidade.

DEFINIÇÃO

Uma Empresa é uma web semântica de “servidores”,

uns de carbono outros de silício, que transacionam

contínuamente, alterando recursos, isto é,

o estado do Mundo

No século XX ...

... era adequado separar as redes de agentes activos:

-Agentes de carbono: ciencias sociais, organização e gestão

- Agentes de sílicio: ciencias e engenharias da computação,

da informática, das comunicações

No século XX ...

... era o tempo do software, das aplicações,

das interfaces pessoa/máquina

O humano era “ o utilizador” !

Neste inicio do século XXI ...

... muitos executivos, responsáveis por processos e pelos

sistemas informáticos ainda sonham com “utilizadores”

deterministicamente perfeitos, totalmente controlados

pelos workflows, e pelas aplicações !

“Bad news”, minha gente!

Esse “mundo orwelliano” não existe mesmo.

O “bicho humano” é muito resistente!

E muito melhor do que se pode pensar!

No século XXI ...

As duas redes estão hoje simbióticamente ligadas,

já não mais são separáveis!

É a emergencia da biónica organizacional!

No século XXI ...

Já há vida para além das aplicações e do software

O ser humano é actor, é sensor, é controlador,

É autonomo , é decisor, é responsável !

Como lidar com esta nova realidade?

Com Metodologias de ENGENHARIA,

Radicadas em sólida bases cientícas

Validadas experimentalmente

Que “nova” Engenharia é esta?

É a Engenharia Empresarial

O seu foco é o Objecto “Empresa”.

Uma realidade do nosso mundo!

EE MANIFESTO (2011)

Enterprises are essentially social

systems, of which the elements are

human beings in their role of social

individual with authority and

responsibility.

EE MANIFESTO (2011)

The operating principle of enterprises is that

social individuals enter into and comply with

commitments regarding the products or

services that they create and deliver. These

actions come in universal patterns, called

transactions.


T.U. Delft - Jan Dietz , Jan Hoogervorst

Ontologia Empresarial, Governação

Empresarial

GSDM – Generic Systems Development Model

ENTREPRISE ONTOLOGY

Nesta ultima década surgiram as bases científicas

da EE,

a partir da obra seminal do Prof. Jan Dietz

( T.U.DELFY)

ENTREPRISE ONTOLOGY

THEORY AND METHODOLOGY

ENTREPRISE ONTOLOGY

ENTREPRISE ONTOLOGY

A Ontologia Empresarial é baseada em:

Teoria FI – Facts and Information

Teoria TAO – Technology, Arquitecture, Ontology

Teoria PSI – Performance in Social Interaction

ENTREPRISE ONTOLOGY

A Ontologia Empresarial tem as seguintes bases:

Axioma da Distinção

Axioma da Operação

Axioma da Transação

Data Systems

Engineering

Information Systems

Engineering

Organization

Sciences

Data

Information,Communicati

on

Collaboration,Cooperation Enterprise EngineeringIntention

Content

Form

Information Systems Sciences

The emerging discipline of Enterprise Engineering

What is Enterprise Ontology?

Conceptually

Enterprise Ontology is the understanding of an

enterprise’s construction and operation in a way that

is independent of realization and implementation.


Practically

it is the highest-level constructional model

of an enterprise, the implementation model

being the lowest one.


Compared to its implementation model, the ontological model offers a reduction of complexity of well over 90%.

Only by applying this notion of Enterprise Ontology can substantial strategic changes of enterprises be made intellectually manageable.

The distinction axiom

forma

uttering information (speaking, writing) perceiving information (listening, reading)

datalogical action (storing, transmitting,

copying, destroying, etc.)

COORDINATION PRODUCTIONHUMAN ABILITY

informa

infological action (reproducing, deducing,

reasoning, computing, etc.)

expressing thought (formulating) educing thought (interpreting)

performa

exposing commitment (as performer) evoking commitment (as addressee)

ontological action (deciding, judging)

COMMUNICATION

information

action

organization

communication is the thread of which organization is woven

What does the Y-theory accomplish?

The Operation AxiomThe people in an organization (subjects) perform two kinds

of acts: production acts or P-acts and coordination acts or

C-acts.

By performing P-acts, the subjects contribute to bringing

about the function of the organization.

By performing C-acts, the subjects enter into and comply

with commitments regarding P-acts. This is the way in

which cooperation between subjects is accomplished.

An (elementary) actor role is defined as the authority to

perform one particular type of P-act. A subject in his

fulfilling of an actor role is called an actor.

E-phase

O-phase

R-phasecustomer producer

Depiction of the Transaction Axiom

fact stated

fact accepted

fact promised

fact produced

request

desired new fact

fact requested

promise

stateaccept

An elementary actor role is defined as:

the institutional authority

that is necessary and sufficient to be

executor in a particular transaction type

An (elementary) actor is a subject, fulfilling an actor role

A subject may play a number of actor roles, and an actor role may be played by a number of

subjects, either consecutively or simultaneously or collectively.

Elementary actor role

Competence

Competence is (primarily) defined as

the collective knowledge, know-how and

experience

that is necessary and sufficient for a subject

to perform production acts of a particular kind.

Competence is related to profession.Examples:

plumberphysician

judge

Authority

Authority is defined as

the being authorized of a subject by an institution,

e.g., by a company (employee) or by a society (client),

to perform particular production acts and/or

coordination actsExamples:

plumber of company Xphysician in hospital Yjudge at court Z

Responsibility

Responsibility is defined as

the socially felt need by a subject to perform the

coordination acts for which it is authorized,

in an accountable way

Examples:

plumber of company X client of company Xphysician in hospital Y patient of hospital Yjudge at court Z defendant at court Z

Authorization

By authorization is understood the assignment of a complete actor role to a subject (person) or a

collectivity of subjects. It means that the subject (or the collectivity of subjects) is allowed to be executor of instances of the corresponding transaction type.

Note that the same actor role may also be assigned to one or more other subjects.

However, every instance of the corresponding transaction type will be carried through completely

by one of them.

Delegation

By delegation is understood the allowance by the authorized subject

to another subject to perform one or more steps in one or more instances

of the corresponding transaction type. However, the authorized subject

remains fully responsible for the acts of the delegate.

As a general rule, the subject who performs the state act in a transaction

is considered to also have performed the P-act (cf. action rules for “on

stated”).

Enterprise Ontology - practical definition

ontological

infological

datalogicalspeaking, hearingwriting, reading

formulatinginterpreting

entering intoand complying

with commitments

copyingstoring

transporting

computingreasoning

decidingjudgingcreating

coordination actors production

Enterprise Ontology

ontologicalrental R has been started

infologicalthe amount to be paidhas been calculated

datalogicalthe rental form has beenfilled out

PRODUCTION

ontologicalcustomer has

enteredinto a commitment

infologicalcustomer has

specifiedwhat he wants

Datalogicalcustomer has

expressed thisin an English

sentence

COORDINATION

< performer > < intention > < addressee > < proposition >

customer : request : employee : rental R has been started

B-organization

I-organization

D-organization

A0 A1T1

atomic process step

st

ac ac

st

pmpm

rqrq

basic transaction process

O-phase

E-phase

R-phaseact

or

role

The ontological aspect models

Construction Model

Process Model

Action Model

State ModelSMPM

AM

CM


Construction Model

Process Model

Action Model

State ModelSMPM

AM

CM

SYSTEMdynamics

SYSTEMconstructio

n

C-WORLDstatics &kinematics

P-WORLDstatics &kinematics


Construction Model : regards the construction of the enterprise system, specified by transaction types, actor roles (plus initiator and executor links), and information banks (plus information links).

Process Model : regards the state space and process space of the coordination world, specified by business events and (declarative) business rules.

State Model : regards the state space and process space of the production world, specified by business objects, business facts, and (declarative) business rules.

Action Model : regards the operation of the enterprise system, specified by imperative business rules.

T04rq

T04pm

T04ac

T04st

executorinitiator

T04

From Transaction Pattern to Process Model

transaction steps are theatoms

of business processes

st

ac ac

st

pmpm

rqrqO-phase

E-phase

R-phase

act

or

role

Ontological Process Model

T01

T01rq

T01pm

T01ac

T01st

T02

T02rq

T02pm

T02ac

T02st

A01CA01

membership payment

membership start

CA02

T01dc

x

Practical relevance of the Interaction Model

Its compactness allows for strategic discussions on the basis of the IAM (customers, suppliers, sourcing).

The wholeness of the transaction pattern facilitates attention for topics like responsibility, ownership, etc.

It shows the ontological units of competence, authorization and responsibility. This facilitates the analysis of the (traditional) organizational functions.

For an SME (Small or Medium sized Enterprise), the IAM fits on one sheet of paper (A4 or A3): the essential enterprise map fits in a manager’s briefcase!

A06

LIBRARY

CA02

CA04CA01

CA03

aspirantmember

board

publisher

member

A01

registrar

A09

A04

loan creator

loan terminator

stock controller

reduced fee approval

membership fee payment

book shipment

loan start

book return

return fine

payment

A10

annual fee controller

annual fee control

T03

T01

T02

membership

registration

T04

T05

loan end

T06

T07

T10

T08

stock control

T09

CPB11 CPB12 CPB14personal data library data

general data

CPB13book titles

library data

CPB12

Organization Construction Diagram

Who needs Enterprise Ontology?

Managers need to understand the ontological essence of their enterprise because they are held accountable.

Developers need to understand the organization, independent of its implementation.

Employees - only the ontology of an enterprise shows the roles they fulfill deeply.

Users - why should the operation of an enterprise be fully opaque to its users? Enterprise Ontology provides them the transparency they deserve!

THE GSDP

GSDP – Generic Systems Development Process

ENTREPRISE GOVERNANCE

ENTREPRISE GOVERNANCE AND EE

Investigação Conjunta orientada por J. Hoogervorst e J. Tribolet, tese de Ms. Sc. - 11/2011, de Miguel Henriques, IST/UTL

Caso Prático: DIAP – Departamente de Investigação e Acção Penal do Ministério Público de Portugal

Enterprise Governance

Enterprise Governance


T.U. Lisbon – Jose Tribolet, Pedro Sousa

Organizational Self Awareness

Arquitectura Empresarial

Transformação e Controlo Empresarial

OSA – Organ. Self Awereness

The Bill of

Organizational Human Rights

Humans have the RIGHT

to “make sense” of what is going on in

the Organization they are an integral part

of!

OSA

An Organization is Self-Aware when all of

its servers maintain real-time

synchronization of their individual world

models

All servers - carbon and silicon based -

must maintain a shared view of

the common choreography being played!

OSA

To OSA enable and enterprise we need EE

to Tool the Organization with the means

to

ACTIVE SYNC

Carbon and Silicon Servers

In Real-Time

OSA and Collective Intelligence

A Self-Aware Organization empowers its

organizational servers with the best

decisional context its collective sensors

& processors are capable of, so as to

enable the “natural “ and “artificial”

intelligent algorithms the servers use to

take their own individual decisions.

OSA

LIVE MODELS

are the tools for Active Syncing !

OSA

Enterprise as a System

It has state variables!

Some are observable.

Some are controllable.

OSA and Dynamic Control

OSA

OSA

OSA

Am Entreprise is an Airplane

The “airplane” is in the air, travelling along space and time.

Change and the laws of “enterprise physics” are the ONLY

constants!

Entreprise “in flight” Control

Are the Carbon Servers needed as sensors and actuators at all?

Base Line for Discussion

1. Is there a need for Run Time Monitoring of what an Enterprise DOES, i.e, of the Enterprise Operations?

2. Is there a need for Run Time Monitoring of who an Enterprise IS, i.e, of the Enterprise Agents, people and computers?

3. Is there a need for Run Time Monitoring of WHAT an Enterprise is made of, and in what state it is?

Fundamental Questions

1. What is the role of Enterprise Design?

2. What is the role of Enterprise Architecture?

3. What is the role of Enterprise Governance?

4. What is the role of Entreprise Engineering?

Examples of Domains of Concern

1. The Global Financial System was never designed

for run-time observability and controllabillity.

2. The Portuguese Public Administration was never

designed for run-time observability and

controllabillity.

Puzzlement?

Why are we surprised when things get

out of “control”, if no run-time monitoring

and control mechanisms, were designed,

engineered, and implemented?

Assessment

Our complex, intensive, massive, fast network

of actors, transactions and organizations have

now autonomous behaviours, that are

presently truly uncontrollable!

Conclusion

It is the reality that counts, stupid!

If we want to live in a world controlled by

humans, we have to design it, engineer it, and

implement it, and learn from its operation to

continuously improve it!

ANSWERS 1. Is there a need for Run Time Monitoring of

what an Enterprise DOES, i.e, of the Enterprise Operations?

YES!

2. Is there a need for Run Time Monitoring of who an Enterprise IS, i.e, of the Enterprise Agents, people and computers?

YES!

3. Is there a need for Run Time Monitoring of WHAT an Enterprise is made of? YES!

From the GOSPEL

There are two known mistakes one can make

along the road to truth:

not going all the way and not starting.

BUHDA

From the GOSPEL

But our present mistake is even worst:

We are going all the way,

without ever having started!

JOSÉ BUHDA SALVADOR TRIBOLET

Tradução em PortuguÊs

Não te cuides não,

vais ver onde vais parar!

JOSÉ BUHDA SALVADOR TRIBOLET


Antwerp Univ.

Jan Verelst, H. Manaart

Controlo da Complexidade Empresarial

Software, Processos, Arquitecturas

Normalizadas

Normalized Software

Normalized Software Software and

Systems are to actual Software

Systems

as electronic boards are to

micro electronics systems and devices

Trends : NS applied to BP, EA, EE


St. Gallen Univ.

Robert Winter, A. Albani Method Engineering, Business

Engineering

Design Science and Design Research

PARA CONCLUIR:

FIRST THINGS FIRST

THE ENTERPRISE ENGINEERING MANIFESTO

José Tribolet

Presidente do INESC – Instituto de Sistemas e Computadores

Professor Catedrático de Sistemas de Informação

Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa.

Rio de Janeiro, 14 Abril 2011

Panoramica do tema EE na Europa