This Month In History

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3 - 1924 British Egyp-tologist found the sar-cophagus of Tutank-hamen in the Valley of the Kings.

17 - 1773 - The ship Resolution, sailing under Capt James Cook, became the first vessel to cross the Antarctic Circle.

23 - 1907 - Charles Curtis became the first Native American to serve in the US Senate.

31 - 1919 - Jackie Robinson, the first Afri-can American to play pro-fessional baseball was born.

1

In 46 B.C.E. the Roman emperor Julius Caesar first established January 1 as New Year’s day. Janus was the Roman god of doors and gates, and had two faces, one looking forward and one back. Caesar felt that the month named after this god (“January”) would be the appropriate “door” to the year. Caesar cele-brated the first Janu-ary 1 New Year by ordering the violent routing of revolution-ary Jewish forces in the Galilee. Eyewit-nesses say blood flowed in the streets. In later years, Roman pagans observed the New Year by engaging in drunken or-gies—a ritual they believed constituted a personal re-enacting of the chaotic world that existed before the cosmos was ordered by the gods. As Christianity spread, pagan holidays were either incorporated into the Chris-tian calendar or abandoned altogether. By the early medieval period most of Christian Europe regarded Annuncia-tion Day (March 25) as the beginning of the year. (According to Catholic tra-dition, Annunciation Day commemo-rates the angel Gabriel’s announcement to Mary that she would be impregnated by God and conceive a son to be called Jesus.) After William the Conqueror (AKA “William the Bastard” and “William of

Normandy”) became King of England on December 25, 1066, he decreed that the English return to the date estab-lished by the Roman pagans, January 1. This move ensured that the commemo-ration of Jesus’ birthday (December 25) would align with William’s coronation, and the commemoration of Jesus’ cir-

cumcision (January 1) would start the new year - thus rooting the English and Christian calendars and his own Coronation. William’s innovation was eventually rejected, and England rejoined the rest of the Christian world and returned to celebrating New Years Day on March 25.

About five hundred years later, in 1582, Pope Gregory XIII (AKA “Ugo Bon-compagni”, 1502-1585) abandoned the traditional Julian calendar. By the Julian reckoning, the solar year com-prised 365.25 days, and the intercala-tion of a “leap day” every four years was intended to maintain correspon-dence between the calendar and the sea-sons. Really, however there was a slight inaccuracy in the Julian measurement (the solar year is actually 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds = 365.2422 days). This slight inaccuracy caused the Julian calendar to slip be-hind the seasons about one day per cen-tury. Although this regression had amounted to 14 days

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A History of New Years http://www.simpletoremember.com/articles/a/newyearshistory/

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FAMOUS WORDS

Interesting Facts You Never Knew

“A man does what he must— In spite of personal consequences, In spite of obstacles and danger and pressures— and that is the basis of all human morality.”

Winston Churchill

Did you know...New Year’s Day is the most celebrated holi-day around the world.

Did you know…The Chinese used fingerprints as a method of identification as far back as AD 700.

Did you know…Eskimos use refrigerators to keep food from freezing.

Did you know...in 1878 the first telephone book made con-tained only 50 names.

The cold winds of winter have ar-rived. When I stepped outside my front door, I was at once blasted awake by the duality of sharp crystallized air and the blindingly brilliant sunlight. My husband and I decided to go for a short walk and it was clear we would need to dress in layers as the tempera-tures would vary widely from open fields to protected hollows. Out of the depths of the hall closet, I retrieved last year's win-ter paraphernalia of scarves, hats, and gloves. Adorned with all these accessories, I decided to leave my bin-oculars behind; after all the migrations were over and these were only backyard woods. Hunched and wrapped tightly in protection from the cold, I was soon calmed by the familiar path. The trees had lost their flamboyant leaves which high-lighted our last excursion here. This time I was awed by their gracefully solid bone structure, flexing and bending in the wind. My mind was quieted as I noticed that nature's sounds were also sparser - bursts of wind, creaking trunks and branches, the occa-sional scurrying of squirrels, even the stream sang a slower tune. On our return loop, we were un-expectedly greeted by a sudden flurry of twitter and chatter, find-ing ourselves surrounded by over twenty bluebirds, their colors standing out brilliantly in the muted winter woods. We never realized that they wintered here. My husband checked this out on his iPhone ‘bird’ app, and we were delighted to learn that we

had happened upon a "hermitage of bluebirds." What a surprise on the year's first cold winter's day; I felt like Snow White in the mid-dle of a Disney forest. We returned home happy and in-vigorated, ready to enjoy some hot soup and homebody activi-ties. To extend the experience, I looked up the definition for her-mitage and found "a secluded sanctuary or private retreat." Per-fect! The unexpected pleasure of the bluebirds turned a routine walk into a personal retreat.

I love to first take note of the little sur-prises that cross my path and then ex-plore the wis-dom-lessons they might pro-vide. This mini-retreat re-minded me

that the duality in every thing makes each more wonderful! The passing of the busy migration season made the gift of the win-tering bluebirds more delightful, the silence of the woods en-hanced each sound, the winter winds made coming home more comforting. The lesson for me is to remember to savor the opposites. The early darkness makes the holiday lights guiding my way home more cheerful. After a festive gathering of family and friends, I need to find time to be quiet and reflec-tive. After the hustle and bustle made the gift of the wintering bluebirds more delightful, the si-lence of the woods enhanced each sound, the winter winds made coming home more com-forting.

Continued on page 3...

The Winter Winds Bring Me Home Source: http://www.abcarticledirectory.com/Article/The-Winter-Winds-Bring-Me-

Home/1139595

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The Winter Winds Bring Me Home... ...Continued from page 2 The lesson for me is to remem-ber to savor the opposites. The early darkness makes the holi-day lights guiding my way home more cheerful. After a festive gathering of family and friends, I need to find time to be quiet and reflective. After the hustle and bustle of preparations, I need to allow things to unfold and take on a life of their own. At a deeper level, I must em-brace that sadness springs from love, that worry can foster a deepening faith, that scarcity can be overcome by gratitude and loneliness by reaching out.

The hermitage of bluebirds also brought to mind writings of a modern day monk, Brother

Wayne Teasdale, whose words reminded me of why these little experiences can be so meaning-ful:

"Every one of us is a mystic. We may or may not realize it, we may not even like it. But whether we know it or not, whether we accept it or not, mystical experience is always there, inviting us on a journey of ultimate discovery. We have been given the gift of life in this perplexing world to become who we ultimately are: creatures of boundless love, caring, compas-sion, and wisdom. Existence is a summons to the eternal journey of the sage - the sage we all are, if only we could see."

Copyright (c) 2011 Karin Marcus

Continued from Page 1... by Pope Gregory’s time, he based his reform on restoration of the vernal equi-nox, then falling on March 11, to the date had 1,257 years earlier when Coun-cil of Nicaea was convened (March 21, 325 C.E.). Pope Gregory made the cor-rection by advancing the calendar 10 days. The change was made the day after October 4, 1582, and that follow-ing day was established as October 15, 1582. The Gregorian calendar differs from the Julian in three ways: (1) No century year is a leap year unless it is exactly divisible by 400 (e.g., 1600, 2000, etc.); (2) Years divisible by 4000 are common (not leap) years; and (3) once again the New Year would begin with the date set by the early pagans, the first day of the month of Janus - January 1. On New Years Day 1577 Pope Gregory XIII decreed that all Roman Jews, under pain of death, must listen attentively to the compulsory Catholic conversion sermon given in Roman synagogues after Friday night services. On New Years Day 1578 Gregory signed into law a tax forcing Jews to pay for the support of a “House of Conversion” to convert Jews to Christianity. On New Years 1581 Gregory ordered his

troops to confiscate all sacred literature from the Roman Jewish community. Thousands of Jews were murdered in the campaign. Throughout the medieval and post-medieval periods, January 1 - suppos-edly the day on which Jesus’ circumci-sion initiated the reign of Christianity and the death of Judaism - was reserved for anti-Jewish activities: synagogue and book burnings, public tortures, and simple murder. The Israeli term for New Year’s night celebrations, “Sylvester,” was the name of the “Saint” and Roman Pope who reigned during the Council of Nicaea (325 C.E.). The year before the Council of Nicaea convened, Sylvester con-vinced Constantine to prohibit Jews from living in Jerusalem. At the Council of Nicaea, Sylvester arranged for the passage of a host of viciously anti-Semitic legislation. All Catholic “Saints” are awarded a day on which Christians celebrate and pay tribute to that Saint’s memory. December 31st is Saint Sylvester Day - hence celebrations on the night of December 31st are dedi-cated to Sylvester’s memory. U.S. News and World Report December 23,

The Jalapeno Tree

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A History of New Years

The Winter Winds Bring Me Home

Interesting Facts

Free Kodak Digital Camera

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