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Atas Kebaikan HQS
BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
1 WHAT IS ELECTRICITY?
1) Generating electricity
+-
Hydrogen atom
+ +
-
-
Helium
+ +
-
-
-
Lithium
Atomic nucleus
Electron
Atomic nucleus
Proton
Neutron
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
2) Frictional electricity
(1) When two different objects are rubbed together, electricity is produced.(2) Frictional electricity is positive or negative.(3) Similarly charged bodies repel each other.(4) Oppositely charged bodies attract each other.
cak sol sumber HQSAtas Kebaikan HQS
BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
1 CURRENT, VOLTAGE, RESISTANCE
1) Current
(1) What is Current?
Electric cableFree electron
Electron move.
Neutralized Supplied from B
AA BB AA BB
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
(2) Current unit
1 Second1 Ampere 1 Coulomb=
< Units >1 ampere = 1000 milliamperes1 milliampere = 1000 microamperes
< Symbols >Ampere (A)Milliampere (mA)Microampere (µA)
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
2) Voltage
Waterpressure
Voltage
Electron flow
Current
No water pressure Voltage is zero
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
3) ResistanceGenerator
Current
Load resistance
Cable internal resistance
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
)(µ Microohm
)( Ohm
)(k Kiloohm
)(M Megaohm
> Symbols <
ohm 10 = ohm 1/1000000 = microohm 1
ohm 1
ohms 10 = ohms 1000 = kiloohm 1
ohms 10 = ohms 1000000 = megaohm 1
> Units <
6-
3
6
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
4) Ohm's Law
132
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
)ohms(cetansisRe)volt(Voltage
=)amper(Current
) ( R x (A) I=(V) E
(A) I(V) E
=) ( R
) ( R(V) E
=(A) I
: Current: Voltage: Resistance
IER
R•I=E
IE
=RRE
=I
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
3 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT (APPLYING OHM'S LAW)
1) Basic circuit
Switch FuseLamp
+ - 12 V 6
I = ?
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(1) When voltage and current are known and resistance is determined
BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
When a resistance was applied to a voltage of 24V, a current of8A was produced. What was the resistance value?
24 V
I = 8 A
R = ?
From Ohm's Law
I = 8 (A)E = 24 (V)
IE
=R
) (3=824
=R
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(2) When resistance and current are known and voltage is determined
BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
How many volts is required to conduct a current of 2A througha resistance of 50
100 V
I = 2 A
R = 50
From Ohm's Law
R = 50I = 2 (A)
E = I x R
E = 2 x 50 = 100 (V)
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
2) Series circuit
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
R1 R2 R3
E
E1 E2 E3
Total voltage E = E1 + E2 + E3
= I•R1 + I•R2 + I•R3
= I (R1 + R2 + R3)
Combined resistance E = E1 + E2 + E3
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Let's obtain the values of the combined resistance and the current.
12 V
6 4 2
)A(1=1212
=RE
=I
R = R1 + R2 + R3
6 + 4 + 2 = 12
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
3) Parallel circuit
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R1
R2
E
I2
I1
I
)R1
+R1
( E=RE
+RE
2121
I = I1 + I2 =Total current
BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
21 R1
+R1
1=R
21 R1
+R1
=R1
Combinedresistance ) (R
)V(E=)A(I
) (R1
x )V(E=
Ohms’ Low
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
What is the combined resistance value in the figure below?
20=R1
30=R2
60=R3
601
+301
+201
1=
R1
+R1
+R1
1=R
321
[ ]10=6
60=
6061
=
601
+602
+603
1=
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
4 SOLENOID PRINCIPLE
1) Current and magnetic field
- +
S
N
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Paper
-+-
+N
SN
N
N
S
S
S
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Current
Current
Right-handed screw rule
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
2) Magnetic fields created by a coil
Magnetic force lines
Current
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
N pole S pole
Magnetic force lines
Current
Right hand
Current flow directionRight-hand grip Rule
N S
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Iron core
Coil
Iron bar
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
5 STARTER WORKING PRINCIPLE
1) Electromagnetic force (Fleming's Left-hand rule)
Conducting wire and Current direction
Direction of magnetic force line is the same, so electromagnetic force is strong.
Direction of magnetic force line is the opposite, so electromagnetic force is weak.
Expulsion force
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Fleming's left-hand rule
Force direction
Magnetic force line direction
Current direction
Current (A)
Magnetic field (A/M)
Force (N)
N to S
+ to -
N S
+
-
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Magnet
CoilBrush
Power supply
Commutator
+ -
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Force
Current
Magneticforce line
Magneticforce line
Force
Current Force
Current
Magneticforce line
Magneticforce line
Force
Current
Current flow direction isreversed by commutator.
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
6 GENERATOR WORKING PRINCIPLE
1) Electromagnetic induction (Fleming's right-hand rule)
Ammeter
Electromotive force is produced when the conductor is moved up and down
+
-
Electromotive force (V)
= magnetic flux x conductor length (m) x conductor moving speed (m/s))m/Wb( 2
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Fleming's right-hand rule
BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Conductor direction
Magnetic force lines
Electromotive force direction
N to S
+ to -
Fleming's left-hand rule
Current
Force
Magneticforce line
+
-
NS
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
2) Current Generator Working Principle
B1 B2
C1C2
a
b
c
d
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
3) Alternating current generating principle
B1
B2S1
S2
a
b c
d ad
c b
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
7 BATTERY PRINCIPLE
1) Battery purpose
Connected in parallel
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
2) Battery structure and function
Terminal
LidCell plug
Connector
SeparatorGlass mat
Positive plateNegative plate
Battery jar
Glass mat
Positive plate
Pole
Negative plate
SeparatorPole
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Pb + 2H2SO4 +PbO2 PbSO4 + 2H2O + PbSO4
Positive pole platesNegative pole plates
++
++
--
--
++++
Hydrogen ion +Lead ion +
Negative pole Positive poleCurrent
Electron
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
+-
Larger terminal is positive
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
3) In-service maintenance
020
406080
100120140
160180200
220240
1.240 1.250 1.260 1.270 1.280 1.290 1.300 1.310 1.320
Diluted sulfuric acid(Specific gravity : 1.400)
Purified water
Rep
lace
able
qua
ntity
(C
C)
(per
1 li
ter
of e
lect
roly
te)
Battery electricity specific gravity (20 degrees)
(1) Adjusting electrolyte level and specific gravity
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
(2) Measuring electrolyte specific gravity
A
B
Rubber ball
Glass tube
Floating scale
Suction tube
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
4) Storage cautions
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
5) Charging
(1) Charging type
Supplementary chargingInitial charging
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
(2) Charging methods
Constant-current charging method
Fast charging method
1
2
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
(3) Voltage and specific gravity changes during charging
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
1.9
Charging time (H)
Ter
min
al v
olta
ge (
V)
Spe
cific
gra
vity
Voltage
Specific gravity
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
(4) Charging-related cautions
+-
-+
+ +
--
1.5) to 1.2( x current(A) Charging
rate(Ah) Discharge=time(h) Charging
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
(5) Battery capacity
Unit Ampere-hour (Ah)
Ampere-hour capacity (Ah) = discharge current (A) x discharge time (h)
Watt-hour capacity (Wh) = discharge current (A) x discharge time (h) x mean discharge voltage (V)
(Example)
Discharge: 5 hours
Current: 6A6 (A) x 5 (h) = 30 (Ah)
Voltage: 12V
Battery: 40Ah40 (Ah) x 12 (V) = 480 (Ah)
Ampere-hour capacity (Ah)
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
100Ah
20 hours at 5 A
5 A
100Ah
10 hours at 10 A
Heat lossChemicalreactions
10 A
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
8 CIRCUIT TESTER
1) Outline(1) Measurement of alternating or direct-current voltage and current(2) Measurement of resistance(3) Discovery of electric circuit shorts, grounds, and disconnections
2) Structure
Positive side cordterminal
Measuring range
Alternating voltagemeasuring range
Direct-currentvoltage measuringrange
Negative sidemeasuring cord
Resistance measuringscale
0 point adjusting screw
0 point adjusting knob
Negative sideterminal
Direct currentmeasuring range
Positive sidemeasuring cord
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
3) Measuring voltage
+- + - + - +- +
Battery
Bat
tery
Household-usewall outlet
OK
Direct current Alternating current
-
Alternating voltagemeasuring range
0 point adjusting screwDirect-current voltagemeasuring range
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Reading the tester
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
4) Measuring current
0 point adjusting screw
Current up to 250mA
Current up to 20A
Bat
tery
Bat
tery-+
-+
+
-
+
-
Tester
Tester
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Reading the tester
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
5) Measuring resistance
0 point adjusting knob
Bat
tery
+ -Tester
OFF
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Reading the tester
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
8 ELECTRIC COMPONENTS
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
1) Resistors
Resistor
Fixed resistor
Symbol: RWPower type covered wire wound resistor
Variable resistor
Carbon film fixed resistor
Fixed body resistor
Insulated carbon film process resistor
Symbol: RD
Symbol: RC
Symbol: RF
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H RD 1/2 P X G150k
Ratedpower(W)1/81/41/21
Carbonfilmfixedresistor
H whenfrequencyis high
XYZAB
10±:K
5±:J
2±:G
1±:F
5.0±:D
[%]
][M
][k
][
P
L
Serviceobjective Type Shape
Resistancevalueallowance
NormalresistancevalueProperties
BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Symbols inscribed on resistors
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Fixed body resistor color code
1st color band 2nd color band 4th color bandBlack 0 0 x10
0-
Brown 1 1 x101
-Red 2 2 x10
2-
Orange 3 3 x103
-Yellow 4 4 x10
4-
Green 5 5 x105
-Blue 6 6 x10
6-
Purple 7 7 -Gray 8 8 -White 9 9 -Gold - - x10
-1 5%Silver - - x10
-2 10%No color - - 20%
Color
--
-
3rd color band
Resistance valueallowance2-digit number
-
MultiplierResistance value
4th color3rd color2nd color1st color
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
10% ± 10 x 0 2 2
10%± :allowance value Resistance
2,000 :value Resistance
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Fixed body resistor color code
1st color band 2nd color band 3rd color band 5th color bandBlack 0 0 0 x10 0 0,5%Brown 1 1 1 x10 1 1%Red 2 2 2 x10 2 2%
Orange 3 3 3 x10 3 -Yellow 4 4 4 x10 4 -Green 5 5 5 x10 5 -Blue 6 6 6 x10 6 -
Purple 7 7 7 -Gray 8 8 8 -White 9 9 9 -Gold - - - x10 -1 5%Silver - - - x10 -2 10%
No color - - - 20%
Resistance valueallowance
-
MultiplierResistance value
3-digit numberColor
--
-
4th color band
5th color4th color3rd color2nd color1st color
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
1% 10 x 2 0 2 2
10% :allowance valueResistance
22020.200 : valueResistance
k
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
2) Fuses
Capacity 10% current 135% current 150% current5A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.10A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.15A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.20A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.25A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.30A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 30 sec.
Housing Fusible strip
Terminal
Fusible strip
Terminal
Blade type Glass type
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
(Reference)Electric wire allowable current
Nomination(cross-sectional
area mm)Strand diameter mm Number of strands Outer diameter mm Allowable current A
0.5 0.32 7 2.2 9
0.85 0.32 11 2.4 12
1.25 0.32 16 2.7 15
2 0.32 26 3.1 20
3 0.32 41 3.8 27
5 0.32 65 4.6 37
8 0.45 50 5.5 47
15 0.45 84 7.0 59
20 0.8 41 8.2 84
30 0.8 70 10.8 120
40 0.8 85 11.4 135
50 0.8 108 13.0 160
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
3) Diodes
Diodes
General distribution diode
Low voltage diode (Zener diode)
Light-emitting diode
Photo diode
1 General distribution diode
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
2 Zener diode
Properties of general rectifier diodes Zener diode properties
0 1 2
-5
For
wa
rd d
irect
ion
curr
ent
(A)
Rev
erse
dire
ctio
ncu
rren
t (m
A)
Forward directionvoltage (V)
Reverse directionvoltage (V)
5V Zener diode
-100
50
50
0 1
For
wa
rd d
irect
ion
curr
ent
(A)
Rev
erse
dire
ctio
ncu
rren
t (m
A)
Forward directionvoltage (V)
Reverse directionvoltage (V)
Germanium diodeSilicon diode
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
3 Light-emitting diode
Light
Hole Electron
P N
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
4) Transistors
N
P
N
C
E
BP
N
P
C
E
B
NPN type PNP type
EmitterBase
CollectorEmitterBase
Collector
Emitterprotrusion
Straight line
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Designation of Symbols
2 S C 154 A
S
One-digitnumber
Letter ofalphabet
Meaning ofsemiconductor
parts
Twe-digitor largernumber
Letter ofalphabet
(Number of rectifierJunctions)
(Semiconductor S) (ApplicationIndication)
(Registrationnumber)
(Improvementnumber)
PNP high frequency usePNP low frequency useNPN high frequency useNPN low frequency useThyristor
ABCDF
……………
Photo transistorDiode3-pole diode4-pole diode
…………
0124
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
5) ThermistorsR
esis
tanc
e
Temperature
Negativecharacteristicthermistor
Positivecharacteristicthermistor
Case
Thermistor
Terminal
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
(+) (-)
++++
----
A B
Insulator
Condenser(Capacitors)
Variable condenser
Fixed condenser
Air condenser (variable condenser)
Mica condenser
Aluminum electrolytic condenser (AI condenser)
Tantalum condenser (Ta condenser)
Barium titanate condenser
Titanium dioxide porcelain condenser
Metallized paper condenser (MP condenser)
Plastic film condenser
Paper condenser
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BASICS OF ELECTRICITYBASICS OF ELECTRICITY
Tubular paper condenser Porcelain condenser
Titanium condenser
Electrolytic condenser
Mica condenser
Variable air condenser
Oil-impregnatedcondenser
Condenser type