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Chinese Dynasties (one last time)
ca. 2100 – 1600 BC Xia Dynasty: (ink made; bronze cas>ng) ca. 1600 – 1050 BC Shang Dynasty Ca. 1046 – 256 BCE Zhou Dynasty (Scythian influence!) Ca. 221 – 206 BCE Qin Dynasty (TerracoLa Army; Great Wall) 206 BCE – 220 AD Han Dynasty (jewelry, figure pain>ng, celadon) 220 – 589 AD Six Dynas>es Period (landscape pain>ng) 581 – 618 AD Sui Dynasty 618 – 906 AD Tang Dynasty (porcelain, pain>ng, woodcut) 907 – 960 AD Five Dynas>es Period 960 – 1279 AD Song Dynasty (porcelain, movable type 1041) 1279 – 1368 AD Yuan Dynasty 1368 – 1644 AD Ming Dynasty (blue-‐white porcelain, enamel) 1644 – 1912 AD Qing Dynasty 1912 – 1949 AD Republic Period 1949 – present People’s Republic of China (Ai Wei Wei)
Chinese Ceramics
• Ceramics is the only art form to span the en>rety of Chinese history.
• While poLery developed in many cultures worldwide, no other civiliza>on took fuller advantage of the aesthe>c poten>al of ceramics as China.
• PoLer’s wheel may have developed independently in both Mesopotamia and China ca. 3000 BC
• Porcelain invented in China during Tang Dynasty (AD 618 – 906)
• Chinese ceramics and technical innova>ons have been influen>al throughout the world.
• Pan-‐Asian favorite glaze, celadon, invented in China.
Neolithic earthenware
• Neolithic ceramic basin (ca. 3000 BCE) and burial storage jar (ca. 2300 BCE)
Chinese Ceramics • “…in China, the making of poLery started 20,000 years ago and never stopped,” according to Ofer Bar-‐Yosef, Harvard archaeologist who studied fragments found in southern China in 2012, making China the probable home of the inven>on of ceramics.
Paleolithic Earthenware Pottery
• Yuchanyan Caves • Ca. 18,000 – 16,000 BCE
Bronze Age – Shang and Zhou dynasties
• Stoneware w/incised designs (some replicate bronze items)
• Early celadon glaze • Hand-‐coiled, finished on slow wheel Ca. 300 BCE
• Allowed for higher firing: stoneware
Han Dynasty
• Horse and Rider, ca. 180 BCE, 30” tall
• Development of organized ceramic produc>on
• Use of ceramics for decora>ve as well as func>onal purposes
• Grave goods • Earthenware, painted
Han Dynasty
Drummer, ca. 150 BCE
• What could his func>on be?
Tang Dynasty
• During this >me, porcelain was invented. • Grave goods hit peak produc>on, but were mass-‐produced in lowly earthenware, so were not highly regarded during their >me (now they are the epitome of Tang ceramics!)
• Cobalt blue glaze developed • Perfected celadon glazes • Produced work for export
Tang Mingqi (grave goods), 8th century
Sancai “3-color”
tripod incense burner
• 3 northern kilns produced sancai wares for burial trade; lead-‐based glazes mixed with copper (green) and iron (amber/brown). Glaze tended to run so this quality was exploited in exuberant form.
Sancai (or San-t’sai) earthenware Tang horse, 8th century
Tang stoneware
Beginnings of porcelain, ca.
800 AD • Refined form, simple white
color, finely made • Set the standard for
ceramics • Exported to Middle East,
where Tang poLery revolu>onized the ceramic industry.
This is why we say “fine china”!
Sung Dynasty (960 -1279 AD)
• Subtle by comparison to prior and later ceramics, Sung Dynasty ceramics represent the pinnacle of quality.
• Minimalist sophis>ca>on and excellence in every formal aspect: shape, decora>on, color, glaze, and technique.
• So highly valued that they were used to pay taxes to the emperor!
• 5 kilns permiLed to produce this ware.
• Simple Sung teabowls like this Jian ware influenced Japanese aesthe>c and tea house culture.
• Celadon glazes were perfected during this >me.
Yuan dynasty (1279 -1368 AD)
• For the first >me, China was under foreign control – the Mongols.
• Celadon ware and porcelain painted in blue underglaze spread throughout Asia, deeply influencing other cultures.
• More emphasis on figura>ve work.
• Porcelain plate, ca. 1350
• Celadon BodhisaLva, ca. 1300 AD
Ming Dynasty (1368 – 1644)
• Reestablishment of Chinese rule led to ar>s>c styles dictated by royal court.
• Bureau of Design ensured uniform standards of decora>on for produc>on in ceramics and other decora>ve arts.
• Under the vast Mongol empire of the Yuan dynasty, Chinese ceramics influenced all of Asia; in turn, China was influenced by Islamic world.
• Ming ceramics are the most famous and influen>al of Chinese ceramics – heavily exported to West where they influenced the ceramic produc>on of en>re na>ons.
Jar, Ming dynasty, ca. 1430 AD
• Expert brushwork of underglaze on pure white porcelain.
• One of the most typical forms
More examples of Ming poLery
Jar, late Ming dynasty, ca. 1522
• Blue underglaze remains
• Overglaze of various colors make these polychrome
• Technique called Wucai (“five-‐color”) decora>on
Influence on ceramics in other countries
Iraq 9th century
Tang dynasty
Ming and Ching
export ware
• Leq, Ming, 1400s
Iznik, Turkey, 1550 -‐ 70
Leq, ar>st Ai Wei Wei drops Han vase (1995); Right, Zhou vase sold at auc>on for $735,650 (2012)
Ai Weiwei exhibit in Miami, 2014
• hLps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6T7WOECCCRY
Cai Guo-Qiang – contemporary artist
• hLps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CcXrpCIl2
• hLps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FPV8zdiySlI