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Rick Hall analyzes the economic, health and environmental implications of creating pedestrian friendly, walkable neighborhoods. While recognizing the importance of walkability to the overall effort of healthy urban development, Mr. Hall highlights the "top ten" factors contributing to walkability. Topping this list is small block size. Mr. Hall's presentation reminds us of the importance of contextual connectivity, pedestrian accessibility as well as urban density and their contribution sustainable city design.
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To Walk, or Not to Walk …2009 CNU Project for Transportation Reform (PTR) Summit Portland, Oregon
Richard A. Hall, P.E.
HPEHall Planning & Engineering, Inc.
To walk, or not to walk: that is the question:Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
Edwin Booth, Hamlet 1870Wikipedia
the signs and arrows of outrageous proportion,
Or to take arms against a sea of trucks,And by opposing slow them?
To walk: To speed no more;
and by a stroll to say we end
D. Burdin
the heart-ache of a thousand annual deathsthat flesh is heir to;
To walk, to stroll the street: perchance to dream ...
D. Burdin
life before 30
life after 30
• economy• development projects must sell• Read Greyfields into Goldfields, CNU Lee Sobel• TND property values, 40 to 200% premium
• health• CDC, obesity epidemic• astounding highway fatality rate – 45k/year• safe walk to school
• environment – climate• it’s a crisis!• IPCC UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change• urban design influences VMT, thus a valid solution• what we can’t see can hurt us! 1 pound per mile, out window.
• etc.
Why Walk?
CO2 Emissionsper Passengermile
Drake’s Well – 150 years ago Titusville, Pennsylvania Edwin L. Drake & George Bissell struck oil, at 69 feet August 27/1859
• drivable suburban– FAR = 0.2 – 0.4– vehicle mobility only by LOS - America’s default– extensive parking lots & wide roads– requires estimated 2/3 more energy than walkable urbanism
• walkable urban– FAR = 0.8 – 40.0– total mobility;
–walking, biking, transit, & vehicle use– urban form leads transportation design– often illegal today
from Option of Urbanism by Chris Leinberger:
tale of two cities
Andrew Georgiadisdrivable suburban
walkable urban Andrew Georgiadis
It is not without hazard that change comes
Top 10 Walkability Factors
• 10. Street Trees• 9. Lower Volumes• 8. Sidewalks• 7. Narrow Streets • 6. Interconnected
Streets
• 5. On Street Parking• 4. Lower Traffic Speeds• 3. Mixed Land Use• 2. Buildings Fronting
St. • 1. Small Block Size!
Gaines Corridor Workshop
Urban Transportation Design Question of the Century
• Q. Can you see DOT treating Gaines Street any differently than Capital Circle by the interstate?
• A. No.
“The first step in the (thoroughfare) design process is to define the function that the facility is to serve.” AASHTO
functional classification • Arterials - Connecting major areas, long trips for
mobility• Collectors - Connecting arterials, intermediate trips• Locals - Serving local access & connecting to
collectors, short trips
• All trips are by auto or truck, no pedestrians in the critical functional definition
• Areas = rural or urbanized, only two major areas• Add a third major area type – Compact Urban
larger problem
arterial roadway designs differ only for rural & urbanized areas.
Again, too little regard for walking & compact urban context
rural urbanized
Update the functional classification system areas
rural
suburban
compact urban
Update the functional classification system areas
rural
suburban
compact urban
new compact urban
Update the functional classification system areas
• simulate urbanized travel from past travel patterns• apply expensive travel models of capacity• size network per vehicle LOS to prevent “failure”
• simulate urban form based on measured places • prioritize character and function over capacity• network is sized to yield smaller blocks
suburban
compact urban
what is the difference?
land access
vehicle mobility
arterial
collector
local
land access
mobility for all modes
proportion of service by functional classificationgeneral urban compact urban
vehicles all modes
trip length by functional classification
arterial
collector
local
general urban compact urban
• continue valiant efforts to adjust suburban thoroughfares
• apply complete streets planning & design
• walking is first• set low speeds as 20 & 25• develop ped. scale design parameters • encourage multimodal travel via networks• decrease travel modeling and traffic impact analysis• reward good design behavior with higher funding levels
suburban
compact urban
what is the effect?
The Transect – A Classification System
18 mph
18 mph
Roslyn, NYRoslyn, NY
Roslyn, NYRoslyn, NY
Congestion or Mobility
'tis a transformation devoutly to be wish'd.
D. Burdin
To walk: To speed no more;
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