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David Bennett, consultant, David Bennett Associates
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Sustainable Concrete Design
• ·
• Lowering CO2 in Construction
• CO2 Construction Audit
• Elegance in Architecture
David Bennett
Architectural Concrete Consultant
Picture a Glass of Latte
What’s the Embodied C02?
• Raw Material
• Production
• Packing
• Transport
• Shop
• Hot Water
• Coffee Container
• Milk
• Sugar
Concrete and C02It’s just like a good cup of coffee
Expresso, Americano, Latte, Macchiato, Mocha
Insitu, Precast, SCC, GRC, Ductal, Rammed
Discuss
C02 and Concrete Construction
• Cement
• Aggregates
• Ready Mix
• Rebar
• Formwork /Temporary Work
• Plant & Machinery
• Labour
Concrete
Cement is one sixth of concrete
kg C02/tonne
• OPC range 930 > 760
• GGBS 54
• PFA 4
• Rocktron 50
Persistence Works
Lowering Cement C02 by 50%
• Blend OPC with GGBS/PFA
• Carbonation Benefits of OPC
Aggregates are 80% of Concrete
Aggregates kg C02/tonne
• Natural Washed - 4
• Natural Crushed - 4-10
Synthetic Aggregates
• Lytag Sintered PFA 60
• Liapor (expanded shale) 12
Typical Concrete Mix
Constituents
kgC02/m3
OPC 180 kg Ribblesdale 137
GGBS 180 kg C & M 8
Sand 750 kg Lea Valley 3
Gravel 1200 kg Thames Estuary 5
Water 180 kg Thames Water 0
Admixture ignore
Embodied kg C02/m3 153
CO2 of Wood
Captured CO2 = 1.84 x density
Embodied CO2
Process plywood 670 kg C02/tonne
Wisa – birch phenolic faced
18mm thick 29 kg CO2/m2
(assumes the wood is carbon zero)
Formwork
Temporary Support/
Falsework
Disposable Items
• Form Face Ply
18mm thick
• Plastic Cones
• Tie Rods
The Form Face & Sustainable
Design
• Select Material for a Good Finish
• High Reuse Factor
• FSC Grade
• Re-use in Permanent Architecture
• Responsible Design
Rebar C02
kg C02/tonne Total
Two Stage Process
1. Coil Manufacture 422
2. Fabrication
a) Bar 63 485
b) Mesh 88 501
Celsa/ BRC Auditincludes production , staff travel and transport
Concrete Quality and
Aesthetic
• Visual Concrete Specification
• the choice, the mix, the form, the finish
Get it right!
Thrifty Beeches
Spedant Works
Kew Herbarium
CHUR House
The C02 Construction Audit
Four Buildings Assessed
two concrete, two steel
• Bill of Quantities
• Embodied C02 of Materials
• Plant/Machinery/Labour
Some Anomalies Some references are distorted
• Resin, Polyurethane, Paint, PVC
resolve micron/m2
• Structural Steel
new or recycled? check
• Lightweight Lytag Concrete
high C02/m3
RECONCILE them
Construction Audit Examples
• Substructure
• Superstructure
• External Cladding
• Finishes
• Mechanical Ducting
Building CO2 Audit Summary
Element M4C3 % M4S3 % M4C7 % M4S7 %
Substructure 136 10 95 4 254 9 160 3
Superstructure 350 27 1348 59 904 31 3411 63
External cladding 263 20 267 11 532 18 545 10
Finishes 432 33 433 19 893 31 911 1
M&E: Fully air conditioned 59 4 59 3 137 5 137 3
Plant & labour 83 6 89 4 190 6 189 4
Total (av.) 1322 100 2291 100 291 100 5353 100
Tonnes CO2
Building CO2 Audit Summary
Possible reductions in CO2 for lean solution
Element M4C3 % M4S3 % M4C7 % M4S7 %
Frame - na -768 na -1972All recycled steel
M&E;
a) eliminate suspended -60 na -149 na ceiling
b) Reduce ductwork -53 na -124 na
Public transport -77 -83 -183 -182
Total CO2 reduction -190 -14 -851 -37 -455 -16 -2154 -40
Total C02 Design Solution
• Minimise Construction C02
• Utilise Thermal Mass for Long Term
Energy Reduction
Lower Total C02 Emissions
Concrete is just like a good coffee -
Make it the low C02 blend!
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