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Second presentation slides of the 'RNA-seq for DE analysis' training. See http://www.bits.vib.be for more information.
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Raw data investigation
Joachim Jacob20 and 27 January 2014
This presentation is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Please refer to http://www.bits.vib.be/ if you use this presentation or parts hereof.
Experimental setup
We have decided on:● how many samples per condition● how deep
This determines how reliable the statistics will be, using experience, and tools like Scotty. A wrong experimental design cannot be fixed. Best approach: pilot data (3 samples per condition, 10M)
But we have other sequencing options to choose!
PE versus SE Illumina
● Single end (SE): from each cDNA fragment only one end is read.
● Paired end (PE): the cDNA fragment is read from both ends.
Purify and fragment
PE
SE
PE versus SE Illumina
Single end (SE):
● Gene level differential expression
Paired end (PE):
● Novel splice junction detection
● De novo assembly of transcriptome
● Helps with correctly positioning reads on the reference genome sequence.
Note: PE not the same as mate pairs.
Strandedness
● Naive protocols obtain reads from cDNA fragments. BUT the link with the sense or antisense strand is broken.
● Stranded protocols generate reads from one strand, corresponding to the sense or antisense strand (depending on the protocol).
Strandedness
Not strandedStranded
Example of a stranded protocol
● dUTP protocol to generate stranded reads.
Importance of strandedness
● Strandedness can bias the read counts compared to non-stranded protocols.
● Depends on the genome whether you should apply it, e.g. in case genes overlap, the improved benefit of assigning reads to correct genes can outweigh technical variation.
Length of the reads
● Does not matter so much (when we want to quantify aligning to a reference sequence): 50 bp will do.
● The most important point is to be able to accurately position the read on the reference genome sequence, to assign it to the correct gene.
● Length can become important, if you want to assemble the transcriptome.
For DE on the gene level
The 'cheapest' protocol for high-throughput sequencing suffices to achieve DE detection:● SE● 50bp● Option: strandedness.
Use the money you have left over for increasing the number of replicates.
Illumina Truseq protocol
sdf
Raw Illumina data
The data you get arrives as...
barcode
experiment
Compressed, usually with gzip
Raw Illumina data
@HWI-ST571:202:D1B86ACXX:2:1102:1146:2155 1:N:0:ACAGTG
CCAACATCGAGGTCGCAATCTTTTTNANCGATATGAACTCTCCAAAAAAA
+
@@@FFFDFHHDG?FFHIIJJJJJIJ#1#1:BFFIGJJJJJIJJGIJJJJA
@HWI-ST571:202:D1B86ACXX:2:1102:1073:2240 1:N:0:ACAGTG
CGGAGCTGAAGGAGAAACTGAAATCCCTGCAATGTGAATTGTACGTTCTT
+
CCCFFFFFGGHHHIJJJJJJJIJFHIJIIIJJJJGIIIIIEFGHIFCHJI
@HWI-ST571:202:D1B86ACXX:2:1102:1385:2192 1:N:0:ACAGTG
GTTGGCAGCCCTGGAGCCCTGCCTCGGTGGTTTAGCCAGTACTAGGGGAT
+
CCCFFFFFHHHHHJJJIJJJJJJGIJJCGHFHIGIHJJJBDHGHHJJJIE
@HWI-ST571:202:D1B86ACXX:2:1102:1352:2244 1:N:0:ACAGTG
ATTTCCTCTTATTTACGTTGCTTTAAAGCGAGACTTCAACGCCATTTGAC
+
@@CFFFFFHHFHDFGHIJIIJGIJGGEHGGJB>??FHHGFFFGHIGIECF
@HWI-ST571:202:D1B86ACXX:2:1102:1981:2152 1:N:0:ACAGTG
CATCGAAGCAAAGCATATAAAGTTANTNNTNNCTGAGTTGTACATATTGC
+
??;;D?DB6CDB+<EFE>:AFA443#2##1##11)0:0?9**0??DAGI4
@HWI-ST571:202:D1B86ACXX:2:1102:1877:2165 1:N:0:ACAGTG
GAAGTGCCCCGCTGGCAGCACACAAGGAGCAGCCCGCTGCCGGACCACTC
+
?@@DDDADFFAA:CEGHBFGAHGD?F@BE9BFF?D@F;'-8AG<B92=;;
One read (minimum 4 lines)
http://wiki.bits.vib.be/index.php/.fastq
sequence
certainty reading this base at this position ('quality')
(this one: 87196924 lines)
Exploring the raw data
1) check whether the Fastq file is consistent-
2) Make graphs of some metrics of the raw data
http://wiki.bits.vib.be/index.php/.fastq
http://wiki.bits.vib.be/index.php/RNAseq_toolbox#Quality_control_and_visualization_of_raw_reads
FastQC – graphical exploration
http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/
FastQC – perfect example
Reads have good quality!
FastQC – perfect example
Anna Karenina principle: “There is only one way to be good, but there are many ways to be wrong.”
We will start by showing a good sample. Afterwards we will discuss a less good sample.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Karenina_principle
FastQC – perfect example
Smooth histogram/ density line towards the right,
FastQC – perfect example
steady nucleotide distribution.
Bias typical for illumina
Not strongly fluctuating GC content
Bias typical for illumina
FastQC – perfect example
GC-content nicely bell shaped
FastQC – perfect example
No N's! (should ring something)
FastQC – perfect example
All reads have length 50bp,
FastQC – perfect example
Reads are nicely duplicated: some amount of duplication is to be expected in RNA-seq data.
FastQC – perfect example
Reads are nicely duplicated: some amount of duplication is to be expected in RNA-seq data.
FastQC – perfect example
Kmers are short sequence stretches. Sometimes they are overrepresented. But in RNA-seq this is not so important (duplication).
FastQC – perfect example
FastQC – less good RNA-seq sample
A relatively large Portion of the reads have mistakes at the 3' end of the read.
FastQC – less good RNA-seq sample
There is an over- representation of reads
with a low mean quality score
FastQC – less good RNA-seq sample
Not a steady levelof different nucleotide
fractions
FastQC – less good RNA-seq sample
Fluctuates
FastQC – less good RNA-seq sample
Heavily skewed versusAT rich reads
FastQC – less good RNA-seq sample
Apparently a mixture of two sets of reads
with different lengths
FastQC – less good RNA-seq sample
Duplication seems abit on the low side
(reported figures are from 60 -75%)
FastQC – less good RNA-seq sample
Very highly skewed read number.
Often the sequence of Truseqadaptor, or multi-
plex identifierscan be
found here. BLAST can reveal
more information!
FastQC – less good RNA-seq sample
Specific patterns of Specific kmers.
Note: A and T rich
Quality control of raw data
Proceed? Or rerun?
This QC can guide you to which preprocessing steps you need to apply for sure. The extra time and money needed to correct the biases can sometimes justify a rerun of the experiment.
This QC shows which preprocessing steps have already been made by the sequencing provider.
Preprocessing
Removing unwanted parts of the raw data so it helps as much as possible with reaching our goal: defining differentially expressed genes.
1) removing technical contamination● Low quality read parts● Technical sequences: adaptors● PhiX internal control sequences
2) removing biological contamination● polyA-tails● rRNA sequences● mtDNA sequences
After this, we run FastQC again.
Technical contamination
Our goal is to define DE expression, for this we need to assign reads with a high confidence to the correct genomic location.
Removal of low quality read parts: they have a higher chance to contain errors, and cause noise in our read counts.
Technical contamination
Our goal is to define DE expression, for this we need to assign reads with a high confidence to the correct genomic location.
Removal of low quality read parts: they have a higher chance to contain errors, and cause noise in our read counts.
Technical contamination
Technical contamination
Our goal is to define DE expression, for this we need to assign reads with a high confidence to the correct genomic location.
Removal of adaptor sequences (and other technical sequences, such as multiplex) as they cannot be mapped to the reference genome.
Technical contamination
Our goal is to define DE expression, for this we need to assign reads with a high confidence to the correct genomic location.
Removal of adaptor sequences (and other technical sequences, such as multiplex) as they cannot be mapped to the reference genome.
List of technical sequences
Advised to use defaults
http://code.google.com/p/ea-utils/wiki/FastqMcf
Fastq-mcf output
http://code.google.com/p/ea-utils/wiki/FastqMcf
Technical contamination
● Never remove duplicate reads! Highly expressed genes can have genuine duplicate reads, which are not due to the PCR amplification step in the protocol.
● PhiX sequences: the DNA of Phi X bacteriophage is spiked in to monitor and optimize sequencing on Illumina machines. Your sequencing provider should filter out those sequences before delivery. You can filter them out by aligning your reads to the PhiX genome.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_X_174
Biological contamination
Mitochondria containrRNA, mRNA and mtDNA
cell
rRNA and non-coding (95% of RNA)
mRNA (5% of RNA)
nucleus
Biological contamination
mRNAs are captured with oligo-dT coated beads.
Occasionally, non-protein coding sequences are also captured (especially since mtRNA and rRNA can be relatively rich in AT).
We can remove them via homology searching (BLAST) with known non-protein coding sequences.
Mitochondrial
mRNA (5% of RNA)
rRNA and nc
Biological contamination
mRNAs are post-transcrip- tionally modified: e.g. the addition of a poly-A tail. If our goal is to map the reads to a reference genome sequence, the polyA tails should be removed. This can be viewed as some source of 'biological contamination' in our sequences (…).
AAAAAAAAAAAAA
● Get the non-protein coding sequences via Biomart.
Mitochondrial genome sequence also.
Biological contamination
Biological contamination
Biological contamination
Filter the biological contamination
Your reads
The biological readsImported via Biomart
We are interested in the reads that don't map!
Filter the biological contamination
Your reads
The biological readsImported via Biomart
We are interested in the reads that don't map!
Doing this in Galaxy
Useful: take a sample of your reads: fastq-to-tabular, select random lines, tabular-to-fastq
1. create a new history2. load the sample data in3. Run fastqMcf to remove technical sequences4. Run bowtie to match against biological sequence databases, and keep reads that don't match.5. Summarize: fastqc
→ make a workflow of this sample history.→ run the workflow on all your samples in parallel→ store the cleaned reads in a data library.
Summary preprocessing
Your reads
…...Format consistent? Errors in quality?
Your groomed reads
…....…... Trends in raw data? QC report
Your groomed reads without technical contamination
….... ... Get biological contaminants- ….- ….
Your groomed reads without technical and biological contamination
…... How does your data look now? QC
... Get technical contaminants- ….
KeywordsPaired end
Stranded reads
gzip
fastq
Biological contamination
Technical contamination
Adapter sequence
Write in your own words what the terms mean
Exercise
→ investigating and preprocessing raw RNA-seq data
Break
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