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Presentation by Dr Tilahun Amede for the 5th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture and the 18th Annual Meeting of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), Addis Ababa, October 25-28, 2010.
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Resource utilization and managing conflict in the pastoral community of Ethiopia."
Presented by Dr Tilhaun Amede for the 5th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture and the 18th Annual Meeting of the
Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), Addis Ababa, October 25-28, 2010.
CPWF aims to increase water productivity and resilience of social and ecological systems
Through its broad partnerships, it conducts research that leads to local impact and political change
AREO
CPWF Consortium Members
Phase 2
Basin Development Challenges (BDCs)• Andes – Benefit sharing mechanisms
• Ganges – intensification in coastal areas
• Limpopo – rainwater management and water access
• Mekong – dams, reservoirs and livelihoods
• Nile – rainwater management in landscapes
• Volta – rainwater management and small reservoirs
To improve rural livelihoods and their resilience through a landscape approach to rainwater management
Climate Change..• Change in climate attributed directly or indirectly to
human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere; in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods (www.eoearth.org/article/ United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change_(full_text)
• Increased concentrations of greenhouse gases (Carbon dioxide, Water Vapor, Methane, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s), and others)– the burning of fossil fuels such as gasoline, oil,
coal and natural gas; – and the release of CFC’s– deforestation
Climate Change Mitigation and adaptation through
better water management
Mitigation is about gases.
Adaptation is about water.
Water Scarcity by 2020
Make Choices : Scenarios to 2050
Based on WaterSim analysis for the CA
Today
CA Scenario
Without productivity improvements
CA Scenario: Policies for productivity gains, upgrading rainfed, revitalized irrigation, trade
Rainfall –Runoff distribution
High rainfall variability & unreliability; significant runoff variability
Considerable spatial and temporal redistribution is needed for meaningful development
Rainfall variability affecting economies
Impact of rainfall variability on GDP and Agricultural GDP growth
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
year
%
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
rainfall variability
GDP growth
Ag GDP growth
Zimbabwe
Ethiopia
Livestock-Land-Water interaction in pastoral systems
• Because livestock is a major user of water and a major source of livelihood support;
• Livestock by far the single largest anthropogenic user of land.
• Grazing occupies 26% of the Earth's surface,
• Feed crop production requires about a third of all arable land (Steinfeld et al. 2006).
Water use by livestock
• Livestock production accounts for more than 8% of global human water use, mainly for the irrigation of feed crops (Steinfeld et al. 2006).
• Although of local importance in some regions (e.g. Botswana (23% of the total water use in the country) and India), the importance of livestock water use for drinking is small compared to other sectors
Nile
Source, Ahmad et al., 2007
Declining livestock and agricultural productivity Environmental degradation and deterioration
of natural resources ; below recovery levels.
Breakdown of traditional institutions and social relations.
Inability to access reliable markets Low socio-economic empowerment of women
and youth. Geographical isolation in terms of
infrastructure, Increasing impoverishment of communities
and households.
Pastoral systems are constrained:
Mega woreda, pastoralists in a focus group discussion (Pantuliano and Wekesa, 2008)
“Food relief is the opium of pastoralists, given by the government and donor agencies to ensure that pastoralists do not think of alternative livelihoods andbecome dependent on food aid so that they can be easily controlled by the international community and the regional government. It is expensive and it does not help make pastoralists stronger in the long term”
Lack of investments in resources development and management; food aid
Inefficient use of resources: Land and water resources
• In-effient use of pasture land; access to watering points dictate decisions
• Land degradation around watering points as too many animals stay around them
• Water quality and livestock diseases
Conflict with agro-pastoral and crop-livestock systems
The need for forage banks and reserves
Need for developing crop and pasture fields
Need for payment for environmental services
Stronger upstream-downstream relationshipse.g. irrigation in uplands
Effect on livestock systems• Decline in livestock number,
except oxen
• Decline in grazing area, and reduced feed due to expansion of vegetable at the expense of cereals /legumes
• Semi-pastoralists (e.g. gedemmso) converted to sedentary agriculture, reduced their stock from about 60 to 9.
• Shift from free grazing to cut and carry systems +
CC IMPACTS: On agro-pastoral systems
• Climate variability will increase: Recurrent & severe floods and droughts
• Droughts may decrease yields / productivity• Floods may damage crops and infrastructure• Fluctuations in farmers’ income: poor farmers may lack
means to buffer extreme years • Impact on national economy
IMPACTS: Pastoral systems
• ;• Changes in groundwater recharge (affecting
pastoral access to water)• Changes in timing and magnitude of river
flows from upstream watersheds (irrigation schemes tapping directly from river, and storage requirements)
• Temperature effects on water productivity: water depletion
• CO2 fertilization and irrigation productivity: unknown
“Over the past Gada, we have lost twomonths of rain. Now the rain is not coming at the right time: it is starting later and finishing before long. My daughter is now five years old and she has not seen a good harvest yet.”
Lars Naess, 2009
Multi-Scale Water Interventions Basin water management/
efficient and equitable use Landscape water management
Multiple use systems Farm-level water management
Conservation, Irrigation, Drainage Plot-level Management
Conservation + Biological + Physical Plant water management
Varieties / species Cell water management
Osmotic adjustments.
25
Functional Institutions
and
Policies
Investing in Irrigation
Irrigated Area
Food price index
World Bank lending for irrigation
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
01960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
320
280
240
200
160
120
80
40
0
Dependency effect?
Comparision of Per capita Storage Capacity
4 43746
1287 1406
2486
3255
4729
6150
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Kenya Ethiopia SouthAfrica
Thailand Laos China Brazil Australia NorthAmerica
Countries
Per
Capita
Sto
rage (
m^3
)
Increased Storage Capacity
Improved return from Irrigation Investments
• Weak institutional arrangements
• Poor extension services
• Limited flow of information &
technologies
• Limited market access & information
• Lack of collective action
• Weak enforcement mechanisms
Building on local experiences ..
• Building on local wisdom; Water User Associations
• Facilitated flow of information & technologies using local channels
• Strong collective action spirits:• Upstream-downstream
• Favourable support from local authorities and policy makers
• Home gardens
Water Saving for Multiple Use
Hydroflume replacing feeder canals and siphons
Increasing water productivity
• Water productivity refers to the amount or value of product over volume or value of water depleted/diverted
• E.g. CWP refers to economic (grain, fruit, lint, fiber, feed..) yield divided by the volume of water consumed (evapo-transpiration) in the production of the total yield
• Physical or economic terms
• WP = ∑(Net beneficial outputs)» -----------------------------------
∑(Depleted water)
Soil Carbon Sink • Soil organic matter is the largest global terrestrial
carbon (C) pool and is a source of CO2, CH4• Soil management affects the amount of C held in soil
and the greenhouse gas emissions from soil. • Soil water management dictates soil-based emissions• Conventional tillage practices such as the use of plow,
lead to a steady loss of soil C to the atmosphere.
Building on traditional innovations (water management)
Photo Courtesy: Mr Admasu
Micro dose
Zai
Identifying where water saving could be at farm and landscape scales?
High unproductive water losses = indicator of productivity gap
Lenche Dima - all cropland
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
evap
orat
ion
trans
pirat
ion runo
ff
deep
perc
olat
ion
flow
s pe
r HH
(m3)
livestock
crops
Kuhar Michael - all cropland
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
evap
orat
ion
trans
pira
tion
runo
ff
deep
perc
olat
ion
flow
s pe
r HH
(m3)
livestock
crops
maintenancewalkinggrowthfeedinglactationpregnancydraught powertransport
12%
7%
4%
3%
2%1%1%
70%
~ ¾ of energy spent on maintenance
Livestock energy budget
crop residuesgreen foragegrazinghayweedstree fodder
67% 1%
17%
7%
3%5%
67% of feed from crop residues low quality: 5.8 – 7.4 MJ ME kg-1
Productivity gaps and losses..
E.g. Watering Points for Improved Livestock Production
Energy for walking is reduced from 1956 MJ ME / TLU to 584 MJ ME / TLU per year (Milk equivalent of 252 litre)
Survey: milk production increased from 343 liter to 463 liter per lactation per cow
Water: no change in water depleted for feed production
Milk water productivity per cow improves by 35% (survey)
Herd Parameter
SpeciesCattle Sheep Goat
Incoming
% Births 92 84 86
% Purchases 3 8 8
% Others 5 8 6
Outgoing
% Deaths 25 44 52
% Sales 66 22 34
% Others 9 34 14
Source: Asfaw and Jabar, 2007
Reducing Livestock Mortality (diseases)
Cattle classesPoor farmers
Better off farmers
Juveniles (males and females
0.09 0.22
Sub-adults (females)
0.15 0.22
Adult (females) 0.10 0.15
Sub-adults (males)
0.10 0.15
Adult (males) 0.05 0.10
Cattle mortality rates for poor and better-off farmers
Causes of cattle deaths for poor and better-off farmersFarmer category Responses
N Percent
Poor cattle cause deaths
disease46 79.3%
feed shortage / drought
5 8.6%
plant poisoning 6 10.3%
beaten by herders
1 1.7%
Total 58 100.0%
Better-off[KD1]
cattle cause deaths
disease22 88.0%
plant poisoning 1 4.0%
bad weather conditions
1 4.0%
fell in a ditch 1 4.0%
Total 25 100.0%
Political change
Women’s empowerment
Good Leadership
Institutional changes
Feed management
Water management
Animal productivity
1.Technologies 2. Institutions
More grain and livestock product per unitof investment of labour, waterand land
Community Innovation &empowerment
Impact•Poverty•Environment•Resilience
Targeting and
dissemination
WP
3. Supportive policy
Amede et al., 2009
Towards Water Productivity
Challenges in Agricultural Water Mangnt
Competing and increasing demands
Low water productivity: incentives to use
inputs; fluctuating markets
Weak institutional linkages
Moving into non-conventional frontiers
Dealing with diversity & land use complexity
Communities taking charge slowly
Forming and maintaining partnership for
efficient use
Weak research in water mangnt
Pastoral Dry-land systems
•Drought needs to be seen as a normal and often predictable event, and efforts must be focused on strengthening response capacity while at the same time continuing long-term development efforts.
•There is an urgent need to promote ‘joined up’ humanitarian and development interventions based on a sound understanding of local livelihoods systems.
• Drought Management systems, with emphasis on water and land management
More information
Livestock Water Productivity The Rangeland J ournal Special I ssue Volume 31 Number 2
Edited by: Tilahun Amede Brien E. (Ben) Norton Deborah Bossio
100 pages Publisher: CSIRO PUBLISHING J une 2009
http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/20/pid/6106.htm
Thank you !
“These aid and research organizations belong to us, and it is our responsibility to make them work... We are able to do so only when the weather is not disturbing. If the climate keeps changing we will pack and they will pack.”
Human and livestock population in the pastoralist systems of Ethiopia
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