Research Methods

RESEARCH METHODS

RESEARCH DESIGNS

DIZON, ALLEN

HISTORICAL RESEARCH

The process of systematically

examining past events to give an

account; may involve interpretation to

recapture the nuances, personalities,

and ideas that influenced these events;

to communicate an understanding of

past events.

MAJOR STEPS OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

Collection of data

Criticism of data collected

Presentation of facts

USES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

1. It is useful in searching through the past for solutions to

contemporary problems and needs.

2. It is used to throw light on the present.

3. It gives people a sense of continuity of the past to the

present.

4. It enables the communities to grasp their relationship with

the past to the current issues.

5. Presentation of the facts in readable form involving problems

of organization, composition, exposition and interpretation.

SOURCES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

Primary Sources• Documents – These include school directives,

court decisions, executive and other official records, personal materials. Newspapers and periodicals.

• Remains – These include physical plant, equipment, apparatus, teaching aids and devices, pictures of buildings and furnishing, forms of diplomas and certificates, textbooks and reference books.

Secondary Sources – These are histories of

education, bibliographies, encyclopedia and

many others.

DOLLENTAS, GENESIS

DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN

Is a method which involves

observing and describing the

behavior of a subject without

influencing it in any way.

IMPORTANCE OF DESCRIPTIVE

DESIGNStudies can yield rich data.

Approach collects a large amount of

data for detailed analysis.

If limitations are understood, they can

be a useful tool in developing more

focused study.

CHARACTERISTICS OF DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN Information is collected without changing the

environment studies.

Helps researchers plan and carry out descriptive

studies.

Often involves extensive observation and note-

taking.

Can serve as a first step that identifies important

factors.

TECHNIQUES IN DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN

Survey

Experiments

Data Analyzing

Note taking

Observing

GUTIERREZ, JANINE

TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

1. DESCRIPTIVE-SURVEY – suitable wherever the subjects

vary among themselves.

2. DESCRIPTIVE-NORMATIVE SURVEY – compare local

test result with a state or national norm.

3. DESCRIPTIVE-STATUS – seeks to answer questions to

real facts relating to existing conditions.

4. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS – determines or describes the

nature of an object by separating in into its parts.

5. DESCRIPTIVE-CLASSIFICATION - employed in natural sciences subjects

6. DESCRIPTIVE-EVALUATIVE – this design is to appraise carefully the worthiness of the current study.

7. DESCRIPTIVE – COMPARATIVE – this is the design where the reasearchers considers two variables and establishes a formal procedure to compare and conclude that one is better than the other.

8. CORRELATIONAL SURVEY – this is designed to determine the relationship of two variables (X & Y)

9. LONGITUDINAL SURVEY – this involves much time allotted for investigation of the same subjects of two or more points in time.

DE OCAMPO, PRECIOUS

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

is the problem-solving approach that

the study is described in the future on

what will be when the variables are

carefully controlled or manipulated.

 CONCEPTS OF

CAUSATIONONE-TO-ONE RELATIONSHIP – according to

this concept for every particular cause there is a

corresponding particular effect.

TWO-VARIABLE RELATIONSHIP – this involves

two variables causing an effect upon one variable.

COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP – this is a case

where two or more variables causing a single effect.

MAJOR TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

1. PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

are so named because they follow basic experimental

steps but fail to include a control in group.

Are lacking several areas of the true-experimental

criteria.

ADVANTAGE :

Very practical

Set the stage for further research

2. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Fair better than the pre-experimental studies in that they emply a means to compare groups.

Usually consructions that already exist in the real world.

ADVANTAGE: Greater external validity Much more feasible given time and

logistical constraints

3. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Makes up for the shortcomings of the two design previously discussed.

They employ both a control group and a means to measure the change that occurs in both groups.

MUST EMPLOY:• Random selection of subjects• Use of control groups• Random assignments to control and experimental

groups• Random assignments of groups to control and

experimental conditionsADVANTAGES

Greater internal validity Casual claims can be investigated

GOLLENA , ANNA

SOME TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL

DESIGNSSINGLE-GROUP DESIGN – this design involves a single

instrument with two or more levels.

TWO-GROUP DESIGN – two comparable groups are

employed as experimental and control groups or two

comparable groups are both experimental groups.

TWO-PAIR GROUP DESIGN – an elaboration of two-

group design wherein there are two control groups and two

experimental groups.

PARELLEL-GROUP DESIGN – two or more groups are used at the same time with only a single variable manipulated or changed.

COUNTERBALANCED (LATIN SQUARE DESIGN) – involves an exchanged of two or more instruments taken by the subjects during the experiment.

COMPLETE RANDOMIZED DESIGN – this design in which a group of test plants or animals is studied only once but subsequent treatment is applied to determine the cause of change.

RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN – this experimental design uses a group of test plants and animals as subjects of the study.

GAMO, KARLA

CORRELATIONAL DESIGN - this experimental design is used to determine the relationship of two dependent variables.

PRE-TEST-POST-TEST DESIGN – this design involves the experimental group and the control group which are carefully selected through randomization procedure.

CASE STUDY DESIGN – is a problem-solving technique wherein the study is described from the past, present ang the future.

CASE STUDY – may be defines as an extensive and intensive investigation of a unit represented.

CASE WORK – refers especially to the developmental, adjustment, remedial, or corrective procedures that appropriately follow diagnosis of the causes of maladjustment or of favorable development.

CONTENT ANALYSIS (TEXTUAL ANALYSIS) – methodology in the social sciences for studying the content of communication.