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Overcoming Intermittency in Renewable Energy through Storage Systems
Irene FastelliENEL Ingegneria & Innovazione
Agenda
Enel Group
Renewable into the grid
Approaches to compensation
Scenario
Enel Group on-going programs and next activities
Enel, an international GroupA global dimension
NORTH AMERICA• Enel’s Installed capacity
749 MW
LATIN AMERICA• Enel’s capacity 667 MW,
Endesa’s capacity 15.284 MW
• Endesa’s customers 12,4 mn
Americas
(1)2008 pro-forma data with Endesa, OGK-5 and Electrica Muntenia Sud consolidated respectively at 100%. Data net of assets to be disposed to Acciona
(2) Value corresponding to 50% of Eufer’s total capacity
FRANCE• 12.5% EPR project, • Wind capacity 12 MW
SLOVAKIA•66% of Slovenské
Elektrárne: installed capacity 5.705 MW of nuclear, thermal and hydro capacity
Europe
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL•92% of Endesa (22,123
MW, 12.6mn customers)•Total net production of
31.4 TWh•50% of EUFER: 399 MW2
GREECE• Renewables 112 MW
MOROCCO• Endesa’s installed
capacity 123 MW
94,3 GW of installed capacity61 million customers
83,300 employees
BULGARIA• 73% Maritza• Capacity 602 MW
ITALY•Enel’s capacity 40.323 MW
ow Enel’s Green Power 2.547 MW.
•Total Net Production: 96,3 TWh.
•Enel’s customers 33.1 mln
RUSSIA•49.5% of RusEnergoSbyt•40% of SeverEnergia gas
reserves (total 700 bcm)•55.8% of OGK-5 (installed
capacity 8.183 MW)
ROMANIA•51% Banat & Dobrogea
and Enel Energie•64.6% Electrica
Muntenia Sud•2.6mn customers
Source: Company information.Note: Presentation includes consolidated financial and operating data unless otherwise stated.
Capacity as of 30 June 2010 - Production end 2009 PF - Pipeline and in execution data as of 30 June 2010.(1) Includes ENEOP (Portugal), 137 MW in execution. Equity consolidated as of 30 June 2010; full consolidation is expected in 2013.(2) Ongoing disposal process of Bulgarian assets, which are included in the figures.
EGP presence
North America
Operating
788 MW
Production
2.4 TWh
In execution
0.3 GW
Pipeline
8.3 GW
Global leader in a growing industryEGP global footprint – H1 2010
Unrivalled footprint in 16 countries across all main renewable technologies
Iberia and Latin America
Operating
2,076 MW
Production
6.4 TWh
In execution
0.5 GW(1)
Pipeline
15.6 GW
Italy and Europe(2)
Operating
2,897 MW
Production
12.0 TWh
In execution
0.4 GW
Pipeline
5.8 GW
Enel Green Power
Operating
5,761 MW
Production
20.9 TWh
In execution
1.2 GW(1)
Pipeline
29.9 GW
Renewable into the grid
Wind and Solar PV fluctuations
Implications for compensation
Day-night fluctuations(PV only)
Seasonal fluctuations(climate)
Medium term fluctuations
Short term fluctuations
Cyclical, predictable
Erratic, unpredictable
Fluctuation pattern Compensation
• Recurring patterns with specific regional variations
• Balance residual load with flexible generation
• Improvements through better forecasting are possible
• Need to balance fluctuating renewable to ensure the security of the overall energy supply
7
Needs for compensating capacity
*Courtesy of IHS Emerging Energy Research
Approaches to compensation
Integration of intermittent renewables
Approaches to compensations
Interregional compensation (grid extension)
Conventional backup capacity
Demand side management
Large scale electricity storage
Each has its strength and limitations!
Approaches to compensation
Limitations
Grid extension
• It cannot mitigate all types of
fluctuations (e.g. day-night fluctuations)
• Political barriers to implementation
(public resistance, permitting process)
• Energy losses in transmission
Backup power
Increasing dependence on fossil fuel
Uncertainty regarding fuel prices
Risk of low utilization
Requirement of decentralized unit
where small scale wind and PV are
present
Demand side management
Most loads can be deferred for a short
period of time
Requires behavioral adaptations by
customers and adequate pricing
flexibility to actually drive changes
The potential demand reduction is a
small percent of peak load
Approaches to compensation
Electricity Storage – a key enabler
Self-sufficient solution
Not affected by increases in renewable penetration
Possibility of having decentralized units
Cost-effectiveness is the key weakness of storage
technologies
Technologically it is still relatively immature for large
applications other than hydroelectric storage
Pros Cons
Most promising technologies for large-scale application
Market ready Prototype
Hydro pumping A-CAES
CAES Batteries
Conventional batteries
UC
Hydrogen
Technologies for large scale applications
Pumped hydro
Profen technology
High efficiency
Relatively low specific storage capacity
Main limitation: New sites hardly possible to develop
DERIVAZIONE CatUnità di Business
N° gruppi
Pot. eff.
(MW)
Potenza turbine (MW)
Potenza generatori
(MVA)
Produc. nat. Serie 68-02
(GWh)
Produc.da pomp.vol.
(GWh)
Prod. totale (GWh)
Anno Tipologia gruppi
ANAPO PP SICILIA 4 500,0 600,0 660,0 0,0 588,8 588,8 1989 Gruppi reversibili monostadio ae/as
BARGI PP BOLOGNA 2 330,0 338,1 370,0 0,0 348,6 348,6 1975 Gruppi reversibili monostadio ae
EDOLO PS BRESCIA 8 977,6 1.019,6 1.280,0 209,2 683,0 892,2 1983 Gruppi reversibili 5 stadi ae (1)
ENTRACQUE CHIOTAS PP CUNEO 8 1.065,0 1.182,6 1.360,0 49,5 1.190,7 1.240,1 1980 Gruppi reversibili 4 stadi ae (1)
ENTRACQUE ROVINA PB CUNEO 1 125,0 133,7 150,0 2,8 46,8 49,6 1980 Gruppo ternario mono/bistadio
PRESENZANO PP NAPOLI 4 1.000,0 1.000,0 1.200,0 13,6 1.245,6 1.259,2 1991 Gruppi reversibili monostadio ae/as
RONCOVALGRANDE PP SONDRIO 10 1.000,0 1.020,1 1.124,0 19,9 833,3 853,3 1971 Gruppi ternari pelton/4 stadi
S.FIORANO PS BRESCIA 2+2 568,0 560,4 621,1 345,0 170,0 515,0 1973 Gruppi ternari pelton/6 stadi (2)
TALORO PS SARDEGNA 3 240,0 264,5 285,0 27,1 196,4 223,5 1980 Gruppi reversibili monostadio ae/as
ae: avviamento in pompaggio ad albero elettrico (back-to-back)as: avviamento in pompaggio con avviatore statico
(1): gruppi non modulabili(2): due gruppi ternari di generazione e pompaggio e due gruppi di sola generazione
Dati caratteristici degli impianti
Pumped hydro will continue to be the leading storage technology in terms of installed capacity
More than 5,2 GWh installed capacity in Italy
Technologies for large scale applications
Compressed Air (CAES)
Diabatic CAES
Wide output power control range Relatively low investment costs Low cycle efficiency of up to 0,55 Main limitation: storage sites
2 CAES Projects, 450MW, in Stimulus Package
Huntdorf, Germany, 290 MW
McIntosh, Alabama, 110 MW
Advanced CAES plants are expected to be significantly more efficient.
Enel is carrying on engineering research to validate economic and technical viability of different solutions
Scenario
Smart energy management
How to get there?
1. Identify flexibility needs
2. Identify best storage technologies and competing alternatives
3. Analyse the trade off between storage and its competing options
4. Allow for markets and legislation to foster the environmentally best option
5. Analyse, suggest and implement the storage and generation mix best suited for a low carbon
energy system
Generation portfolios with and without storage
*Source: BCG “Revisiting energy storage”Load profile based on average data for January and June 2009 in Germany.
Storage can increase the share of base-load power generation
Without storage: 25 GW baseload With storage: 30 GW baseload
Storage services
2 3 4 51
• Market regulations regarding ancillary services
• Strategic planning
• Large scale introduction of renewables
• Emission benefits
• Energy management
• Reserve/regulating power
• Integration of large scale renewables
• Ancillary services
• Transmission& Distribution services
• Customer site applications
• Load management & response
• Emission benefits
• Load management
Storage can provide several functionalities:Different applications are best served by different technologies
Enel Group on-going programs and next activities
ENEL approach to tackle over the topic
Value chain
Modeling, technical feasibility
Economic, environmental, organizational aspects
Experimental validationShortlist of
“opportunities” for storage systems
• T&D curtailment
• Time-shifting
• Forecast hedging
• Frequency control
• Voltage control
• Ancillary services
• Revenues
• Industrial maturity
• Operating constraints
• Environmental impact
• Public acceptability
• O&M costs
• Key Performance Factors
• Service life
• Best practices
20
ENEL projects
2008
Test
Faci
lity
Liv
orn
oC
anary
Isla
nds
Dem
o P
roje
ct
2015 20162009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Experimental characterization and
model validation
Quantification of benefits that energy storage systems can provide to renewable plant
Characterization of promising lab-scale technologies in different operating conditions
Demonstration of market ready storage technologies integrated in island grid
Engineering & permitting
Procurement and systems integration
Test and optimization
I ntegration of a demo scale energy storage system in a wind farm
Detailed engineering of integrated system
Procurement &commissioning
Monitoring and operation
ENEL Storage Test Facility - Livorno
Objective
Characterize promising lab-scale storage technologies
Identify the key aspects for large scale implementation of storage technologies and their actual suitability to the different requirements for Enel applications
Define storage systems optimal management strategies to ensure renewable production programmability
Develop guidelines and best practices for the selection, installation and use of ESS for ENEL applications
Assess and model the influence of operating conditions on system performances
Electronic system able to reproduce typical renewable generation and load profiles
Reproduction of wind and
solar generation up to 50kW
Reproduction of DSO requests
up to 50 kW
Capability to operate and
characterize several systems
at the same time
Response time ~ 1 sec
PLC management & PC
control
Automatic execution of more
than 400 steps
ENEL Storage Test Facility
Test rig
Performance monitoring and recording
Measurement of AC /DC data
Acquisition of data communicated by
storage systems
ENEL Storage Test Facility
First technologies characterized
Vanadium Redox Flow battery
10kW 100kWh
ZEBRA battery
20kW 20kWh
Li-ion battery
15kW 15kWh
Economic KPIs
Operating KPIs Response and inversion time
Time at rated power
Round trip efficiency
Real vs nominal capacity
Performances decay
Key performance factors investigated
Enel Storage Test Facility
2011 Installations
20 kW PV plant
100 kWh H2 storage on
metal hydride
EV quick charge point (<20mins)
CHAdeMO compliant
•Conduct engineering research to
validate economic and technical
viability of applications
•Continue monitoring technological
developments: performance
improvements, other technologies, cost
reduction
•Refine benefit calculations with results
of ongoing experimental
characterization
•Update strategic planning figures with
new information
Next steps
Micro-wind generators
Optimize the integration of distributed energy resources (stochastic renewable generation, EV and storage) connected to the distribution network.
“STORE” – Demonstration Project
Managing generation on island systems
Demonstration of different storage technologies capabilities to solve problems of grid congestion and to damp fluctuations in the Canary Islands.
NaS Technology – 1MW, 6MWh
Installation in Gran Canaria to replace diesel
peak generation, voltage support, load leveling,
etc.
ZnBr Technology- 500kW, 2.8MWh
Mobile installation in La Gomera to replace
peak generation
UC Technology – 4MW, 5-6sec
Integration in diesel power station in La Palma
(fast event response)
Hydro-wind power facility
El Hierro Project – Endesa partecipation
Wind power: 20 MW
Hydro generation: 13 MW
Pumping :16 MW
Grid stability is guaranteed by the continuous operation of the hydraulic group
27
Key open questions
The main issues regarding new storage systems (batteries,
compressed air, etc.) are:
• Assessing availability and quality of flexibility resources
• Minimizing the cost of procuring flexibility
• Testing / demonstrating the operational viability of storage in
our grid
• Developing optimal control devices and strategies
• Refining benefit /cost valuations with new information
• Addressing potential regulatory issues in this space
28
Thank you for your attention!
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