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Seeking to be sensitive to users, smart home researchers have focused on the concept of control. They attempt to allow users to gain control over their lives by framing the problem as one of end-user programming. But families are not users as we typically conceive them, and a large body of ethnographic research shows how their activities and routines do not map well to programming tasks. End-user programming ultimately provides control of devices. But families want more control of their lives. In this paper, we explore this disconnect. Using grounded contextual fieldwork with dual-income families, we describe the control that families want, and suggest seven design principles that will help end-user programming systems deliver that control. By Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, Charles Yiu, John Zimmerman + Anind K. Dey.
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FAMILY, CONTROLAND THE SMART HOME
Carnegie Mellon UniversityHCI Institute
School of Design
smarthome.cs.cmu.edu
Scott DavidoffMin Kyung LeeJohn ZimmermanAnind Dey
Family Control Smart Home
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
CURRENT RESEARCH
Smart home control
systems
provide control of
devices
Technical Perspective
DISCIPLINARY GAP
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
CURRENT RESEARCHDISCIPLINARY GAP
CAMP (Truong et al, 04) microCommander (Jahnke et al, 02) Speakeasy (Newman et al, 02)
Jigsaw (Humble et al, 03)
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
Families are struggling
to gain control of their lives
CURRENT RESEARCH
Smart home control
systems
provide control of
devices
Anthropological PerspectiveTechnical Perspective
DISCIPLINARY GAP
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
Families are struggling
to gain control of their lives
CURRENT RESEARCH
Smart home control
systems
provide control of
devices
Anthropological PerspectiveTechnical Perspective
DISCIPLINARY GAP
How can smart home control systems help users
regain control of their devices
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
Families are struggling
to gain control of their lives
CURRENT RESEARCH
Smart home control
systems
provide control of
devices
Anthropological PerspectiveTechnical Perspective
DISCIPLINARY GAP
How can smart home control systems help users
regain control of their devices
families
lives
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
CONTRIBUTIONS
Recast the problem of smart home control
Suggest new evaluation metrics for smart home control
systems
Provide rich description of nuanced notion of control
Produce design principles to serve as signposts
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
Increased obligations
“Multi-contexting” across roles
A skill parents want to gracefully
master
Parents want to pass this skill on
Darrah 2000, 2002
RELATED WORK BUSYNESS AS A MORAL GOOD
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
A “house of cards”
“The rush hour of life”
Fear of the sick child
Beech 2004, Frissen 2000, Darrah 2002
RELATED WORK LESS THAN IDEAL CONTROL
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
Systems for family life control will have to co-exist with
busyness
RELATED WORK IMPLICATIONS
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
Goal: develop an opportunity map for technology to aid
families
12 dual-income families
Large audience, lots of needs, early adopters
FIELDWORK SUMMARY
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
“Wicked problem” of activity
management
Flexibility as a coping strategy
Relationship between control and
flexibility
Activities construct identity
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
* Rittel 1973
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
FINDINGS “WICKED” PROBLEM OF ACTIVITY MANAGEMENT
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
EXAMPLE GAME OR PRACTICE? HOME OR AWAY? WHAT TIME?
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
EXAMPLE WHO PICKS UP? WHO DROPS OFF? WHERE?
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
EXAMPLE SHIN GUARDS, KNEE PADS. CLEATS OR FLATS?
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
EXAMPLE PRACTICE UNIFORM? HOME OR AWAY UNIFORM?
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
EXAMPLE CLEAN CLOTHES THE NIGHT BEFORE
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
EXAMPLE JUICE BEFORE OR AFTER? ORANGES AT HALFTIME?
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
EXAMPLE LOST ON THE CALENDAR
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
BREAKDOWNS LAST MINUTE CARPOOL DECISIONS
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
BREAKDOWNS MOM’S OUT OF TOWN SO DAD’S IN CHARGE
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
BREAKDOWNS MOM’S OUT OF TOWN SO DAD’S IN CHARGE
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
BREAKDOWNS MOM’S OUT OF TOWN SO DAD’S IN CHARGE
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
BREAKDOWNS CREEPING RESPONSIBILITY
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
BREAKDOWNS CREEPING RESPONSIBILITY
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
BREAKDOWNS UNPREDICTABLE ORANGES
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
BREAKDOWNS SICK CHILD
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
BREAKDOWNS CASCADE EFFECTS
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
Incremental precision
Improvisation
Technological infrastructure
Lifestyle choices
FINDINGS FLEXIBILITY AS A COPING STRATEGY
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
FINDINGS CONTROL AND FLEXIBILITY
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
FINDINGS ACTIVITIES CONSTRUCT FAMILY AND INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY
Activities mean more than the work
behind them
People derive meaning from their
participation
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
Now what?
RELATED WORK
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Allow for the organic evolution of routines and plans
Participate in the construction of family identity
The home is more than a location
Understand periodic changes, exceptions and improvisation
Design for breakdowns
Easily construct new plans and routines, and modify existing ones
Account for multiple, overlapping and occasionally conflicting
goals
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
PRINCIPLE ALLOW FOR THE ORGANIC EVOLUTION OF ROUTINES AND PLANS
Hard to specify a priori
Incremental precision
Many routines are “unremarkable”
* Tolmie 2002
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
PRINCIPLE PARTICIPATE IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF FAMILY IDENTITY
Some tasks are more than work
They constitute how we interpret who
we are
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
PRINCIPLE THE HOME IS MORE THAN A LOCATION
Opportunistic planning occurs in many
locations
A smart home is more than a physical
space
Also includes “information space”
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
PRINCIPLE UNDERSTAND PERIODIC CHANGES, EXCEPTIONS AND IMPROV
Routines are often not routine
Vary by season
Routines change with exceptions
Rigid model of routines would not fit
observation
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
CONCLUSIONS
Family is a place of busyness where identity
and life control collide
Opportunity for technology to improve
quality of family life
Design principles help address this space
Evaluate smart home technology in terms of
life control
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
FUTURE WORK
Develop an activity manager system
Evaluate system in terms of identity
and control
Develop end-user programming
method
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
smarthome.cs.cmu.edu
Scott DavidoffMin Kyung LeeJohn ZimmermanAnind Dey
PROJECT ON FAMILIES, CONTROLAND THE SMART HOME
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
PRINCIPLE EASILY CONSTRUCT AND MODIFY PLANS AND ROUTINES
Sheer frequency should merit attention
Input should be low-cost
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
PRINCIPLE DESIGN FOR BREAKDOWNS
Exceptions happen frequently
Complete solution is impossible
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
PRINCIPLE DESIGN FOR BREAKDOWNS
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
ACCOUNT FOR MULTIPLE, OVERLAPPING AND CONFLICTING GOALS
More than one person
May not agree on task performance
metrics
“Thermostat Predicament”
Support v. Independence
PRINCIPLE
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
METHOD
Directed storytelling
Shadowing
Artifact walkthrough
Role-playing: Fictitious school field trip
Predictable days
Predictable exceptions
Unpredictable days: miss-the-bus days
CONTEXTUAL FIELDWORK
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
METHOD
Stimuli questions
Free response text
Camera
Stressors and pleasures of waking up and arriving home
What makes parents feel like good parents
CULTURAL PROBES
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
METHOD
Stress and rush levels
Principal activities
Immediate needs
Preoccupations
ACTIVITY LOGS
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
RELATED WORK
iCAP
aCAPpella
CAMP
Jigsaw
Alfred
microCommander
Speakeasy
Dey et al 2006
Dey et al 2004
Truong et al 2004
Humble et al 2003
Gajos et al 2002
Jahnke et al 2002
Newman et al 2002
END-USER PROGRAMMING SYSTEMS
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
RELATED WORK
Comprehensive
Communication
Routines
Task
specialization
Refrigerator magnets
Meaning of place
ICT’S
Technology use
Darrah 2001Beech et al 2004
Crabtree +Rodden 2003
Tolmie et al 2002
Rode et al 2005
Taylor +Swan 2005
Elliott et al2005
Frissen 2000
Venkateshet al 2000
STUDIES OF HOME LIFE
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
ACCOUNT FOR MULTIPLE, OVERLAPPING AND CONFLICTING GOALSPRINCIPLE
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
ACCOUNT FOR MULTIPLE, OVERLAPPING AND CONFLICTING GOALSPRINCIPLE
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
PRINCIPLE ALLOW FOR THE ORGANIC EVOLUTION OF ROUTINES AND PLANS
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
PRINCIPLE PARTICIPATE IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF FAMILY IDENTITY
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
PRINCIPLE PARTICIPATE IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF FAMILY IDENTITY
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
PRINCIPLE UNDERSTAND PERIODIC CHANGES, EXCEPTIONS AND IMPROV
Scott Davidoff, Min Kyung Lee, John Zimmerman, Anind Dey | Carnegie Mellon
Family Control Smart Home
PRINCIPLE THE HOME IS MORE THAN A LOCATION
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