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Analysing urban sprawl pattern in Phnom Penh with multi-temporal and multi-source remote sensing data
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Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusion
J.-P. Mund & A. v. d. Dunk
Arbeitskreis Südostasien in derDeutschen Gesellschaft für Geographie (DGfG)
Jahrestagung 2008 13. – 15. Juni in Hannover
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 2
Content and Introduction
Introduction
Historical overview of the urban growth of Phnom Penh
Methods: Multi-source geospatial data-fusion techniques
Multi-temporal Data sources
Historical pattern of Urban growth 1920 - 1994
Recent pattern and structure of urban growth
1989
1991
2002
2005
Recent urban building structure
Results and conclusion
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 3
Introduction
Rapid urban sprawl and unmonitored urbanization are important challenges for land managers and urban plannersin many Asian cities.
Urban sprawl herewith is defined as leapfrog spreading of urban patches into the rural countryside.
2001- 2006 Phnom Penh has experienced an annualpopulation growth rate and large scale in-migration ofaround 9 % per year.
This unsupervised urban expansion is characterized by patches of isolated tracts which are separated from other areas by vacant land.
This study combines multi-temporal remote sensing imagery with historical analogue urban maps to investigate long-term land-cover changes in Phnom Penh.
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 4
Historical urban growth of Phnom Penh
1372 - Foundation of a fortified small sized royal capital1818 - Enlargement of the royal court and construction
of new water management channelsPopulation < 10.000 inhabitants
1865 - Foundation of the new colonial capital 1875 - Enlargement of Phnom Penh southwards along
the Mekong banks, > 30.000 inhabitants1890 - Construction of the “modern” colonial city
with typical colonial “Palais” style architecture and urban planning of six ethnical quarters:
Quartier européenneQuartier chinoisQuartiers cambodgiennes I, IIQuartier annamite (Vietnamese)Quartier catholique anciens (Vietnamese, Malay)
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 5
Historical urban growth of Phnom Penh cont.
1920 -1939 Urban extension westwards and southwards and on the Mekong – Tonle Sap peninsula, up to 100.000 inhabitantsConstruction of the second ring dyke in the SW –Extend
1945 - 1953 Urban growth due to colonial industrialisation closing of the second ring dyke in the SWPopulation of more than 350.000 inhabitants
1954 - 1965 Urban enlargement and first urban planning period of Dr. Vann Molyvann (Period of Internationalism)
1966 - 1975 Consolidation of Phnom Penh and population growth up to 500.000 inhabitants
1975 - 1979 Khmer Rouge Period of Urban destruction and evacuation
1979 - 1989 Civil war and Vietnamese occupation, first steps of urban rehabilitation
1990 - 2003 Urban re-growth and extension to 1.4 Mill inhabitants
Since 2003 New urban vision of the municipality for Phnom Penh
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 6
Multi-source geospatial data-fusion techniques
Change detection methods based on multi-temporal Landsat imagery
Applied quantitative remote sensing methods:
Standard statistical image procession methods like: sub-pixel information extraction
Supervised maximum likelihood classification
Knowledge based image segmentation
Identification of Urban patches = impervious surface areas
Preparation of multi-temporal urban sprawl maps
Single Building extraction base on a fused LIDAR and Quickbird imagery
Classification of urban structure due to density and elevation of built–up area
Urban changes are quantified using the Shannon’s Diversity Index (SDI)
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 7
Multi-temporal Data sources:Town maps and plans 1903 -1943
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 8
Multi-temporal Data sources:Aerial Photos of plans 1943 and 1993
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 9
Multi-temporal Data sources:Remote Sensing Imagery 2001 and 2005
Ikonos 1m, 2001
Quickbird 0,6m, 2005
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 10
Available EO and Geo Data of Phnom Penh
Landsat TM 1988-2002
Spot 1998 ; 2001
Ikonos 2001; 2002
Quickbird 2005; optional 2007 to be purchased
Aerial Images 1992 ; 2001-2002
LIDAR Imagery of Phnom Penh 2003
Older scanned images and plans 1898 - 1975
Urban master plan documents and surveys
Shape file of nearly all building in inner Phnom Penh 2001 (167.000 B)
Topo maps 1:100.000(1998) – 1:50.000 (1967-1974)
Other shape and dxf - Geodata
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 11
Historical pattern of Urban growth 1890-1994
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 12
Historical urban building structure 1920 -1995
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 13
Recent pattern and structure of regional urban growth
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 14
Recent pattern and structure of local urban growth
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 15
Land cover statistics 1989 - 2005
Urban-non-urban land cover typesin Phnom Penh province
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1989 2002 2005
Urban high density urban medium densityurban low density other land cover
Urban non-urban land cover types in Phnom Penh Municipality
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1989 1991 2002 2005
Urban high density urban medium density urban low density other land cover
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 16
Urban growth 1996-2001 and quarter rehabilitation
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 17
Discrimination of the recent urban building structure
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 18
LIDAR 2003
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 19
Building plan of 2003 overlaying QB.-Image 2005
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 20
3D- Building plan 2003 on QB-Image 2005
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 21
3D- Building heights analysis 2003
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 22
Landscape metrics results of Shannon’s Diversity Index
Results:Spatio-temporal database of the growing
building dispersion of Phnom Penh. SDI was applied to the building structure
with values range from:0,15 in 1922 0,68 in 2005.
Limits of the method:• SDI is a suitable landscape metric to measure
urban expansion and compaction.• Difficult to combine with analogue data • Building footprints are too detailed to be
compared with RS impervious areas.• Exact date of age of construction proved
difficult to be obtained.
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 23
Urban development master plan
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 24
Urban growth 2001 – 2007 open land speculation
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 25
Urban growth 2001 – 2005 open land speculation
AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 26
Conclusion
Government officials, planners and NGO need proven scientific methods to measure and monitor urban sprawl in rapidly growing Asian cities.
These results show the potential of landscape metrics, especially SDI in quantifying and visualizing urban sprawl over time with RS approaches.
Spatial and methodological problems remain applying landscape metrics to information extracted from historical analogue maps
Cartographic generalisation remains a problem of historical maps.
Analogue maps should discriminate building structure at least down to block level.
Defining the sociological and qualitative reasons and driving forces of urban sprawl is a greater challenge than its simple quantification via landscape metrics
Thank you for your kind attention
J.-P. Mund (PhD)German Aerospace Centre (DLR)
German Remote Sensing Data Centre (DFD)Oberpfaffenhofen
82234 Wesslingjan-peter.mund@dlr.de
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