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Presented by Desalegn G/Medhin at the IPMS Workshop on Alternatives for Improving Field AI Delivery System to Enhance Beef and Dairy Production in Ethiopia, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 24-25 August 2011
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PERFORMANCE OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION :
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
PRESENTED BY DESALEGN G/MEDHIN ETHIOPIAN MEAT AND DAIRY TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE
IPMS Workshop on Alternatives for Improving Field AI Delivery System to Enhance Beef and Dairy Production in Ethiopia
ILRI, Addis Ababa, 24-25 August 2011
OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION
INTRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR A SUCCESSFUL AI OPERATION ARTIFICIAL INSEMIATION IN OTHER COUNTRIES:
THE KENYAN EXPERIENCE WHAT CAN WE LEARN?
PERFORMANCE OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN ETHIOPIA A RVIEW OF VARIOUS RESEARCH FINDINGS
AN OVERVIEW OF THE AI OPERATION OPPORTUNITIES CHALLENGES
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS04/10/23 2
PERFORMANCE OF AI IN ETHIOPIA: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES DESALEGN G/MEDHIN, EMDTI
INTRODUCTION
Artificial insemination (AI) is a process by which sperm is artificially collected from the male, processed, stored, and introduced into the reproductive tract of females for the purpose of attaining conception by means other than the natural way or natural mating
Artificial insemination has been widely used for livestock breeding, especially for dairy cattle and pigs_ 70% of dairy cattle and 5 to 10 % of beef cattle
The use of AI in cattle breeding has a history of more than 100 years and the vast majority of dairy cattle are produced in this way
AI can be carried out by technicians from approved AI centers, by qualified vets , or by trained farmers
.
04/10/23 3PERFORMANCE OF AI IN ETHIOPIA: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES
DESALEGN G/MEDHIN, EMDTI
ADVANTAGES OF AI OVER NATURAL BREEDING
Allows the choice of using the best possible bulls of proven quality in improving the genetic make-up of the cattle population
Farmers have access to genes from superior bulls Gives better opportunity for oestrus synchronization Frozen semen can be transported globally Disease control Cost effectiveness as compared to rearing a bull Flexibility If proper semen is chosen and used, then the quality of
livestock will improve: Use of AI Improve productivity Money/ better return
from livestock production
04/10/23 4PERFORMANCE OF AI IN ETHIOPIA: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES,
DESALEGN G/MEDHIN, EMDTI
DRAWBACKS OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
Requires well trained and experienced AITs Requires closer supervision of females High cost on investment and higher running costs poor conception rates due to poor heat detection and
inefficiency of AI technicians High risk of dissemination of reproductive diseases and
poor fertility rates if the overall operation fails to meet accepted standards and procedures
Problems associated with inbreeding
04/10/23PERFORMANCE OF AI IN ETHIOPIA: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES
DESALEGN G/MEDHIN, EMDTI5
DEFORMITIES AND ABNORMAL GROWTH
04/10/23PERFORMANCE OF AI IN ETHIOPIA: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES
DESALEGN G/MEDHIN, EMDTI6
REQUIREMENTS FOR A SUCCESSFUL AI OPERATION
Good record keeping is a prerequisite to an organized breeding and prevention of the deleterious effects of inbreeding
Well established system of progeny testing and selection of AI bulls
Efficient and effective supply of quality semen and other inputs
Well established operating systems _ Reliability Well established monitoring and evaluation Appropriate animal health service and improved fertility
levels of herds
04/10/23PERFORMANCE OF AI IN ETHIOPIA: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES
DESALEGN G/MEDHIN, EMDTI7
ARTIFICIAL INSEMIATION IN OTHER COUNTRIES: THE KENYAN EXPERIENCE
Artificial Insemination was started in Kenya in 1935 at a Government Farm with the objective to control venereal diseases. However, it soon became apparent that AI could also be used for dairy cattle improvement through use of selected bulls
In 1946, Central AI Station was established In 1966, Kenya National AI Service (KNAIS) was established
as a section within the Department of Veterinary Services with the objective of expanding coverage of AI service provision in the country to meet increasing demand
Costs /fees were raised and lowered in different points in time due to various reasons
04/10/23PERFORMANCE OF AI IN ETHIOPIA: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES
DESALEGN G/MEDHIN, EMDTI8
THE KENYAN EXPERIENCE, cont…
In 1979, there was tremendous uptake of AI Services in the country and peak performance was achieved by performing a total of 549,000 inseminations
In 1988, Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP) were introduced which prescribed cost sharing between GoK and beneficiaries
By 1991, there was a major policy shift to privatization of AI services which entailed encouraging cooperative societies, self help groups, private veterinarians and AI technicians starting own AI Services and gradual withdrawal of GoK services where privatization was picking
04/10/23PERFORMANCE OF AI IN ETHIOPIA: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES
DESALEGN G/MEDHIN, EMDTI9
THE KENYAN EXPERIENCE, cont…
Central AI Station continued servicing the AI Privatization Programme with semen, Liquid Nitrogen and the AI equipments while the Department of Veterinary Services offered advisory services in planning, budgeting and technical management of the upcoming private and communal practices. The Department also carried out regulatory and supervisory services
The number of licensed AI Service providers has also continued rising from a mere 23 in 1992 to 145 in 2001 to 260 in 2004 to 550 in 2006 and 750 in 2008
04/10/23PERFORMANCE OF AI IN ETHIOPIA: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES
DESALEGN G/MEDHIN, EMDTI10
THE KENYAN EXPERIENCE, cont…
The Department of Veterinary Services has continued regulating and supervising the AI Service Provision through the local DVOs
CAIS currently supplies 85% of the semen requirement in the country while the remaining 15% is supplied by Bovine genetic Importers who distributed, for example, an estimated 75,000 doses of semen in the Year 2008
Strong coordination at national level and appropriate bull selection methods
Artificial insemination and dairying in general are nowadays in much better status in Kenya
04/10/23PERFORMANCE OF AI IN ETHIOPIA: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES
DESALEGN G/MEDHIN, EMDTI11
PERFORMANCE OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN ETHIOPIA
AN OVERVIEW OF THE AI OPERATION In Ethiopia, AI was first introduced in 1938 in Asmara
In 1967, an independent service was started in Chilalo Awraja of the then Arsi Region
In 1981, the National AI Center was
established at Kality to coordinate the AI
operation at national level
At present, AI service is provided mainly by
government employed AITs with little
private service delivery which started
recently
04/10/23PERFORMANCE OF AI IN ETHIOPIA: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES
DESALEGN G/MEDHIN, EMDTI12
PERFORMANCE, Cont…
The sources of semen for these technicians is mainly the National Artificial Insemination Center and to a little extent private organizations which import semen from abroad
There has not been any mechanism of regulating and monitoring the overall activities of the service delivery
Lack of record keeping & reporting by AI service providers and farmers has adversely affected national data analysis and decision making process. Lack of AI records is highly believed to have increased the incidence of inbreeding in the country
In general, AI service has been given little or no emphasis over the past years as a result of which efficiency and success has been severely impaired
04/10/23PERFORMANCE OF AI IN ETHIOPIA: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES
DESALEGN G/MEDHIN, EMDTI13
PERFORMANCE , cont…
OPPORTUNITIES
The growing demands for reliable services and quality semen
In most cases, users of the AI service are willing to pay even higher fees per service provided that they get quality semen and reliable services
The possibilities of getting alternative semen sources
Growing attention by the government for the sector
04/10/23 14PERFORMANCE OF AI IN ETHIOPIA: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES
DESALEGN G/MEDHIN, EMDTI
OPPORTUNITIES, Cont…
Nationally established system and national organization to coordinate efforts
Efforts being made by partner GOs and NGOs
to improve the service
04/10/23PERFORMANCE OF AI IN ETHIOPIA: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES
DESALEGN G/MEDHIN, EMDTI15
CHALLENGES
Major actors in the chain of AI operation_ Are they all doing well?
04/10/23PERFORMANCE OF AI IN ETHIOPIA: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES
DESALEGN G/MEDHIN, EMDTI16
SUCCESS OF AI OPERATION
CENTRAL COORDINATION OFFICE
AGR. BUREAUX/ OFFICES
AITs FARMERS
DECISION MAKING BODY
CHALLENGES, cont… Inefficient coordination at national level and poor linkages among major
actors along with little attention to the overall AI operation
High turnover of skilled AITs because of lack of appropriate career structures in all regions
Absence of herd recording scheme and lack of appropriate bull selection based on progeny testing methods
Limitations in animal health service delivery
Absence of monitoring and evaluation
04/10/23
PERFORMANCE OF AI IN ETHIOPIA: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES DESALEGN G/MEDHIN, EMDTI
17
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It has been evident that the AI work in Ethiopia has not been successful and is believed that inbreeding has been taking place in the process of indiscriminate crossbreeding over the past years due to overlapping problems
Accordingly, the following recommendations need to be considered: Transform the existing national coordination into a
strong and efficient institution Improve availability of service delivery through better
semen storage and inputs delivery in all parts of the country
Introduce a national herd recording scheme and implement progeny tested bull selection methods
04/10/23PERFORMANCE OF AI IN ETHIOPIA: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES
DESALEGN G/MEDHIN, EMDTI18
RECOMMENDATIONS, Cont…
Encourage private involvement in the AI service delivery Importation of genetic germplasm especially semen and
embryo need to be strengthened to complement the domestic production
Establish appropriate monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to avoid indiscriminate crossbreeding and associated problems and also to assure provision of fair services to the AI users
Encourage the use of farmer AI technicians where it is necessary
04/10/23PERFORMANCE OF AI IN ETHIOPIA: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES
DESALEGN G/MEDHIN, EMDTI19
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