Overview chap 1

OVERVIEW CHAP. 1

AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

Human Geography

• Human Geography– How people organize space, interact with each other and

make sense of our place, region and world– “Why of Where” and “So What”

• Globalization– Processes that are increasing interactions and

interdependence around the world

MAPS!

• Reference Maps• Thematic Maps• GPS Devices

– Geocaching http://www.wherigo.com/• Mental Maps & Activity Space• Remote Sensing

– http://maps.google.com/maps• Geographic information systems (GIS)

Types of Regions

• Formal–Visible uniformity

• Functional–Product of interactions (e.g. city)

• Perceptual–Our impressions based upon what we

know

Formal RegionThe Mediterranean

The functional or nodal regions shown on this map were based on linkages between large banks of major central

cities and the “correspondent” banks they served in smaller towns in the 1970s

What is culture?CULTURE OF

NEW ORLEANS

MUSIC LITERATUREARTDRESS LIVING HABITSFOODARCHITECTUREGOVERNMENT LAW

Part of Culture• Culture regions• Cultural trait

– Attribute of a culture• Culture complex

– Combination of traits• Culture system

– or Geographic region– Complexes with common traits

• Culture realm – or Geographic realm– Generalized culture region

Cultural Perceptions

Sequent Occupance

Cultural Landscape: Landscape altered or imprinted by humans

Sequent occupance: changes made by humans to a cultural landscape over time

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEeQPZONYSU&feature=mr_meh&list=PL02864CBAFC1A4DC7&playnext=0

Can you guess the location by reading the cultural landscape?

Is this a Cultural Landscape?

Rub al Khali, Saudi Arabia

Culture Hearths

If a cultural hearth influences the world, it is called a civilization

areas that produce ideas, ideologies & inventions

Cultural Diffusion• Process of spreading ideas or innovations

but • Ideas or innovations can occur due to

independent invention

Expansion DiffusionIdea develops in area and spreads.

The idea remain strong in the original area

Relocation Diffusion

Example: In 1066, England was successfully invaded by French Norman who established themselves at the pinnacle of English society

This led to changes to the English language:

English (peasants) French (lords)Sheep muttonCow beefSwine pork

Movement of people who have adopted the innovation to a distant group

Relocation DiffusionCan lead to:• Acculturation

– dominant innovation adopted by the less dominant

• Assimilation – two groups cannot be distinguished

• Transculturation– both groups are of equal strength and exchange ideas

Cricket

Origins of Pasta

Stimulus DiffusionExpansion occurs but the idea/product is

adapted

Italians brought their food to American….then Midwest “adapted” it

Contagious Diffusion–Expansion to all nearby areas

Examples:

•Smallpox•Measles

Early Adopters Laggards

Innovators

The Diffusion of Innovation

Majority Adopters

Hierarchical diffusion• Expansion to some susceptible

groups but leapfrogs others

Examples:• AIDS• Foreign Language Movies• Terrorism

Diffusion Problems

• Cultural resistance

Time-distance decayAs an innovation moves from its sources, it becomes

less powerful

Uruguay’s “McHuevo Hong Kong Rice Burgers

Greek Pita Mac Costa Rica side of Gallo Pinto

Chile – Burger with GuacamoleCanada’s McLobster

Germany – Beer can be purchased

No Beef Burgers in India

Cultural PerceptionPerceptual Regions: our impression of cultures and regions

What is your perception of Britain?

Cultural Environments

Environmental Determinism

Human behavior is determined by the

physical environment

Possibilism

The environment limits the choices open to a

culture

Vocabulary• Human Geography• Globalization• Landscape• Formal Region• Functional Region• Perceptual Region• Reference Maps• Transculturation• Thematic Maps• GPS • Mental Maps• Activity Space• Remote Sensing• GIS

• Culture• Cultural Perceptions• Cultural Landscape• Cultural

Environment• Culture regions• Acculturation• Assimilation• Cultural trait• Culture complex• Culture system• Culture realm • Sequent Occupance

• Culture Hearth• Cultural Diffusion• Time-Distance Decay• Cultural Resistance• Contagious Diffusion• Hierarchical

Diffusion• Stimulus Diffusion• Relocation Diffusion• Environmental

Determinism• Possibilism