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Ingram, Laird et al. integrating systems cameroon may 2012
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THINKING beyond the canopyTHINKING beyond the canopy
Integrating Customary and Statutory Systems
13th Congress of the International Society of Ethnobiology, Montpellier
Session 42 Effective and equitable law and policy for NTFPs
24 May 2012
Verina Ingram, Sarah Laird, Abdon Awono, Ousseynou Ndoye, Terry Sunderland, Estherine Lisinge and Robert Nkuinkeu
The struggle to develop a Legal and Policy Framework for NTFPs in Cameroon
THINKING beyond the canopy
The struggle in Cameroon….• Diverse & many forests, people & products
>700 NTFPs
≈280 tribes & linguistic groups
• Subsistence
and traded
• There is policy
and not….
• Products and species are regulated
and not…
• Policy and regulatory focus on timber
THINKING beyond the canopy
Why: plural tenure
• Historical layers• Current consequences
1884
THINKING beyond the canopy
• Droit d’usage• Customary user rights• Free usufruct rights• Paid access for 13
Special Forestry products
• No access protected areas
Mixed bundle resource rights
THINKING beyond the canopy
Laws• 1974 Land Law ‘squatters’
– Public state land– Private land– National domain land
• ‘Vacant’ & ‘occupied/worked’
• 1994 Forestry, Wildlife & Fisheries Law– Special Forestry Products – Quotas & permits– Community & council forests
• Agricultural & Livestock regulations
THINKING beyond the canopy
Plural governance arrangements
Ingram EFTRN 2News 53 012
THINKING beyond the canopy
Taxation• Formal
– Quotas & permits – Market traders– Regeneration taxes
• Ineffective, low revenues, untransparent, favours powerful,
urban & elites
• ‘’Informal’’ (corruption)– Permits – Transport
• Increases price for consumers, decreases trader’s buying price ,
encourages informality, unpredictable
THINKING beyond the canopy
Conclusions• Vibrant NTFP sector exists – larger than timber sector
• Steps taken to develop regulatory and policy framework
• But current situation characterised by uncomplementary pluralism, inconsistent & inappropriate laws, unenforcement and corruption
• Customary law still dominates for majority of NTFPs
• Insufficient protection for products with high commercial demand and traded in large volumes
• Result in regulatory framework that undermines sector , livelihoods and sustainability
• Beneficiaries are powerful few, urban and elite at cost of many, local and small scale forest and rural actors
THINKING beyond the canopy
Recommendations• The range of NTFP values acknowledged. Subsistence use
recognized & with small-scale, local trade exempt from taxation & intervention
• Land tenure and resource rights rationalized.
• Customary law respected & complementary to statutory law.
• Regulatory framework streamlined and clarified. NTFP laws better elaborated and defined
• Consultations inform legal & policy framework
• Rational, legitimate and just taxation
• Regulatory framework for NTFPs streamlined and made clear.
• Government institutional capacity improved
• Outreach by government and others
THINKING beyond the canopy
http://www.unutki.org/news.php?news_id=84&doc_id=101
Wild Product Governance Chapter 2
Contacts: Verina..ingram@wur.nl, sarahlaird@aol.com a.abdon@cgair.org ousseynou.Ndoye@fao.org
t.sunderland@cgiar.org estherine.Lisinge-Fotabong@unep.org nkuinkeu@yahoo.com
Thank you !
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