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How to Build a DMR Simulcast Network
Workshop: Digital Mobile Radio Association DMR
28 November 2017
Alessandro Guido DMR System Design, Leonardo S.p.A.
Augusto Colombo DMR Sales Technical Support, Leonardo S.p.A.
28 November 2017
2
Broadcast: Simulcast vs Cellular
CELLULAR: different channels
used by neighbouring RBSs
(cluster)
SIMULCAST: same channel used
by neighbouring RBSs, only 2
frequencies for the whole
system
F1, F2
F1, F2
F1, F2
F1, F2
F3, F4
F7, F8 F7, F8
F1, F2
F3, F4
F5, F6
F7, F8
28 November 2017
3
Simulcast – Key Factors
Result:
the radio network acts as a
“single virtual repeater”
“Virtual” repeater
equalisation
synchronisation
voting
Issue:
to manage radio communications in
overlapping areas
Solution:
implementation of effective
procedures for
synchronisation,
equalisation and voting
The coverage area is actually
improved, compared to the repeaters
single contributions.
• Only one frequency pair RF spectral efficiency cost savings for licensed frequencies
• Optimal coverage of wide areas
• Easy-to-use Same operations like under a single site repeater
• MAIN BENEFITS:
28 November 2017
4
Simulcast – Key Points
– Single Virtual Repeater
• Wide area coverage
• Requires a low number of frequencies in the network
– Intrinsic call Hand-Over
– Network Coverage easy to be increased
28 November 2017
5
General Hypotheses for a Radio Coverage Study
When evaluating the radio coverage for a simulcast network, that uses multiple synchronized and interconnected repeaters, it is essential to know the following parameters:
exact location of repeater sites (lat., long., height from sea level)
antenna height from ground ( i.e. tower height)
accuracy and resolution of the terrain, building, and clutter data
propagation model used
choice of time/location/margin values
physical characteristics of the study area (plains, mountains, urban, etc.)
allocated frequency bands
radio electrical characteristics of the radio equipment used ( both fixed and terminal)
radio electrical characteristics of the antenna equipment used ( both fixed and terminal)
requested service: portable and/or mobile, outdoor and/or indoor, in-car and/or mobile
Only by knowing all the above parameters it is possible to simulate with a good approximation the
service area (radio coverage).
REQUIREMENTS: a sufficient value of the local average RF power
a given coverage probability
The service area is where a level of radio signal able to ensure the requested service is guaranteed.
Since the radio propagation can be described by a statistical process, this requirement is satisfied only
with a certain probability, called “location probability“, where the signal level is enough to ensure the
requested service in the service area
28 November 2017
6
DMR Simulcast - Radio Coverage project guidelines standards
Calculation hypotheses 1. Calculation of the average path loss in “quasi-smooth terrain”, no
obstructions
2. Diffraction losses (orography), roughness of the terrain => database
3. Local territorial morphology, Land Use => database
4. Power Budget, evaluation of useful signal for communication;
5. Additional losses to reach the coverage probability for the requested service.
Simulcast Delay Spread
Simulation vs real coverage verification
models and
mathematics
algorithm for radio
coverage
radio equipement
radio coverage probability
“Hess” method
These standards are intended to provide information that allows accurate and consistent modeling of coverage performance. These standards utilize specified and measured product performance and other sources that provide a sound engineering basis to the values suggested.
28 November 2017
7
Calculation Hypotheses - steps 1, 2 and 3
1. Calculation of the average path loss in “quasi-smooth terrain” (Okumura–Hata/Davidson Ext.) TIA recommends in TSB-88 a modification of the Hata model to cover a wider range of input parameters. The output parameter of Olumura–Hata/Davidson Extended algorithm is the average path loss LdB calculated according to the terrain type. In addition to this extension, this model can optionally include additional path loss due to reflections and diffraction loss from terrain obstacles.
2. Diffraction losses (orography) (Epstein – Peterson Diffraction) Diffraction attenuation is due to orographic obstacles due to local territory morphologies. A rich and dedicated Digital Terrain Model (DTM) database can be used together with the Epstein and Peterson algorithm. Recommended resolution not less than 1 arcsec (~30 meters).
3. Added attenuation due to local territory morphologies – Clutter Added attenuation due to local territory morphologies to take into account urban and suburban density, the type of
herbaceous or woody vegetation, rocky areas, glaciers, etc.
There are different databases that can be used: - Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) database from the United States Geological Survey (USGS)
- CORINE (COoRdination of INformation on the Environment) Land Cover - European Urban Atlas: it provides reliable high-resolution land use maps for 305 Large Urban Zones (i.e. with
more than 100.000 inhabitants) and their surroundings. They incorporate different data formats and at least 15 classes; resolutions are up to 1 arcsec (~30 meters).
28 November 2017
8
Calculation Hypotheses - step 3 - terrain database exmples
Terrain Orography The Digital Elevation Model normally used has a resolution plan (XY) of about 50x50 meters, and a
height resolution (Z) of about 10 meters, and is built specifically for the coverage prediction tool
ROME
28 November 2017
9
Calculation Hypotheses - step 3 - terrain database exmples
The Clutter Land Use normally used reproduces the morphological classes of territory, with a
resolution plan (XY) of about 50x50, meters
Different colors are associated to different terrain use:
ROME
Urban Atlas database
Terrain Morphology
28 November 2017
10
Calculation Hypotheses - step 3 - terrain database exmples
Terrain Morphology
Land Use Land Cover (LULC) from United States Geological Survey (USGS)
BOSTON
28 November 2017
11
Calculation Hypotheses - steps 4 and 5
4. Link Budget calculation Link budget is the calculation of the local average power, usually corresponding to a 50% coverage probability, obtained by summing gains and losses related to TX RBS, RX RBS and terminals. Link budget calculation assures the correct balance between “uplink” (Talk-In) and “downlink” (Talk-Out) paths; its output is the maximum allowed attenuation. The worst case, i.e. the one with minimum path loss that still guarantee the communication is used to identify the coverage area, i.e. the “service area” where terminals can actually send and receive with high reliability and good quality.
5) Coverage reliability calculation (90 or 95%) Coverage reliability is assumed as a function of radio service. The recommended values are as follows:
4.1) Delivered Audio Quality DAQ (TIA TSB-88) These documents contain recommendations for both public safety and non-public safety performance that are intended be used in the modeling and simulation of these systems. These documents also satisfy the need for a standardized empirical measurement methodology that is useful for routine proof-of- performance and acceptance testing and in dispute resolution of interference cases that might emerge.
28 November 2017
12
Link Budget Calculation - 1
In order to determine the noise floor of the receiver, subtract the static carrier-to-noise ratio (Cs/N) from the reference sensitivity (12 dB SINAD Analog, 5% BER DMR Digital):
A mobile radio channel experiences short-term variations due to multipath fading. This has undesirable effects on the audio quality or BER of a wireless link. Propagation models of practical use do not predict this variation. Its impact is included within the sensitivity of the receiver via a parameter called the faded Cf/(I+N) ratio. This ratio depends on the modulation type, coding and error correction details and the rate of fading. The analysis process requires the following parameters: 1. Noise floor 2. Static carrier-to-noise ratio (Cs/N) 3. Required Cf/(I+N) (faded performance threshold) 4. Reliability margin
Modulation
Type
Cs/N (dB) Source
Analog FM
(12,5kHz)
7 dB TSB-88
DMR 5.3dB TSB-88
reference sensitivity (DMR = -118dBm typical)
_
28 November 2017
13
Link Budget Calculation - 2
Modulation
Type
DAQ 3.0 DAQ 3.4 DAQ 4.0 Source
Analog FM
(12,5kHz)
23.0 dB 26.0 dB 33.0 dB TSB-88
DMR 14.3dB 15.6dB 19.4dB TSB-88
Determining the required faded carrier to interference plus noise ratio Cf/(I+N) at a given Delivered Audio Quality (DAQ):
Determining the faded performance threshold (e.g. for DAQ 3.4):
Noise Floor
Static Threshold
(Reference Sensitivity)
Dynamic Threshold
(Faded Performance Threshold)
-118dBm
Cs/N = 5,3dB
-107,7dBm
Cf/(I+N) = 15,6dB
Typical body loss (from ITU-R P.1406):
28 November 2017
14
Link Budget Calculation - 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
OL-
02
-00
4
OL-
02
-01
0
JE-0
2-0
04
PV
-02
-00
8
SU-0
2-0
01
SU-0
2-0
02
SU-0
2-0
03
Type Česká republika Česká republika Česká republika Česká republika Česká republika Česká republika Česká republika
Range VHF VHF VHF VHF VHF VHF VHF
TX
RX
Type Omnidirez. Omnidirez. Omnidirez. Omnidirez. Omnidirez. Omnidirez. Omnidirez.
Model RF331NH RF331NH RF331NH RF331NH RF331NH RF331NH RF331NH
Antenna Azimut N° - - - - - - -
Type Cellflex 1/2" Cellflex 1/2" Cellflex 1/2" Cellflex 1/2" Cellflex 1/2" Cellflex 1/2" Cellflex 1/2"
Model LCF12-50JFN LCF12-50JFN LCF12-50JFN LCF12-50JFN LCF12-50JFN LCF12-50JFN LCF12-50JFN
Antenna Height m 53 30 35 8 30 20 30
Antenna Cable Length m 83 60 65 38 60 50 60
DMR TX Power W 25,0 25,0 25,0 25,0 25,0 25,0 25,0
DMR TX Power dBmW 44,0 44,0 44,0 44,0 44,0 44,0 44,0
Combiner Loss dB 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
Circulator Loss dB 0,40 0,40 0,40 0,40 0,40 0,40 0,40
Jumper Loss dB 0,60 0,60 0,60 0,60 0,60 0,60 0,60
Duplexer Loss dB 1,20 1,20 1,20 1,20 1,20 1,20 1,20
TX Power W 15,1 15,1 15,1 15,1 15,1 15,1 15,1
Antenna Gain dBd 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Cable Loss dB 2,38 1,72 1,87 1,09 1,72 1,44 1,72
TOTAL TX Inse. Loss dB 4,58 3,92 4,07 3,29 3,92 3,64 3,92
ERP dBmW 43,4 44,1 43,9 44,7 44,1 44,3 44,1
ERP W 21,9 25,5 24,6 29,4 25,5 27,2 25,5
#1 #1
Channels
#1
Antenna
Antenna Cable
Antenna #1 #1 #1 #1
1 2 3 4 5 4 5
OL-
02
-00
4
OL-
02
-01
0
JE-0
2-0
04
PV
-02
-00
8
SU-0
2-0
01
SU-0
2-0
02
SU-0
2-0
03
Type Česká republika Česká republika Česká republika Česká republika Česká republika Česká republika Česká republika
Range VHF VHF VHF VHF VHF VHF VHF
TX
RX
Type Omnidirez. Omnidirez. Omnidirez. Omnidirez. Omnidirez. Omnidirez. Omnidirez.
Model RF331NH RF331NH RF331NH RF331NH RF331NH RF331NH RF331NH
Antenna Azimut N° - - - - - - -
Type Cellflex 1/2" Cellflex 1/2" Cellflex 1/2" Cellflex 1/2" Cellflex 1/2" Cellflex 1/2" Cellflex 1/2"
Model LCF12-50JFN LCF12-50JFN LCF12-50JFN LCF12-50JFN LCF12-50JFN LCF12-50JFN LCF12-50JFN
Antenna Height m 53 30 35 8 30 20 30
Antenna Cable Length m 83 60 65 38 60 50 60
DMR Refer. Sensitivity dBmW -118,0 -118,0 -118,0 -118,0 -118,0 -118,0 -118,0
DAQ 3.4 Faded Sensitivity dBmW -107,7 -107,7 -107,7 -107,7 -107,7 -107,7 -107,7
Combiner Loss dB 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
Circulator Loss dB 0,40 0,40 0,40 0,40 0,40 0,40 0,40
Jumper Loss dB 0,60 0,60 0,60 0,60 0,60 0,60 0,60
Duplexer Loss dB 1,20 1,20 1,20 1,20 1,20 1,20 1,20
RX Add. Loss dB 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Antenna Gain dBd 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Cable Loss dB 2,38 1,72 1,87 1,09 1,72 1,44 1,72
TOTAL RX Inse. Loss dB 4,58 3,92 4,07 3,29 3,92 3,64 3,92
Antenna Cable
Antenna
#1 #1Antenna #1 #1 #1
Channels
#1 #1
TX Power W 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Antenna Gain dBd -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2
Refer. Sensitivity dBmW -118,0 -118,0 -118,0 -118,0 -118,0 -118,0 -118,0
Faded Sensitivity dBmW -107,7 -107,7 -107,7 -107,7 -107,7 -107,7 -107,7
TX Power W 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Antenna Gain dBd 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Refer. Sensitivity dBmW -118,0 -118,0 -118,0 -118,0 -118,0 -118,0 -118,0
Faded Sensitivity dBmW -107,7 -107,7 -107,7 -107,7 -107,7 -107,7 -107,7
Body Loss dB 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
In Car Loss dB 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Buinding Loss dB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL Mar. Pt. IC dB 22 22 22 22 22 22 22
TOTAL Mar. Pt. OD dB 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
TOTAL Mar. Mb. dB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
DownLink Pt. IC dB 127,1 127,8 127,6 128,4 127,8 128,0 127,8
DownLink Pt. OD dB 133,1 133,8 133,6 134,4 133,8 134,0 133,8
DownLink Mb. dB 151,1 151,8 151,6 152,4 151,8 152,0 151,8
Portable IN CAR
Talk OUT Signal Threshold
Portable OUT DOOR
Talk OUT Signal Threshold
Mobile
Talk OUT Signal Threshold -107,7 -107,7
-85,7 -85,7
-91,7 -91,7
Portable
-91,7 -91,7
-85,7 -85,7
Mobile
Talk OUT
Loss
dBmW
dBmW
Path Loss
-107,7 -107,7 -107,7 -107,7 -107,7
-85,7 -85,7
-91,7 -91,7 -91,7
-85,7
dBmW
TX Power W 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Antenna Gain dBd -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2
Refer. Sensitivity dBmW -118,0 -118,0 -118,0 -118,0 -118,0 -118,0 -118,0
Faded Sensitivity dBmW -107,7 -107,7 -107,7 -107,7 -107,7 -107,7 -107,7
TX Power W 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Antenna Gain dBd 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Refer. Sensitivity dBmW -118,0 -118,0 -118,0 -118,0 -118,0 -118,0 -118,0
Faded Sensitivity dBmW -107,7 -107,7 -107,7 -107,7 -107,7 -107,7 -107,7
Body Loss dB 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
In Car Loss dB 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Buinding Loss dB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL Mar. IC dB 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
TOTAL Mar. OD dB 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
TOTAL Mar. Mb. dB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
UpLink Pt. IC dB 126,1 126,8 126,6 127,4 126,8 127,1 126,8
UpLink Pt. OD dB 132,1 132,8 132,6 133,4 132,8 133,1 132,8
UpLink Mb. dB 147,1 147,8 147,6 148,4 147,8 148,1 147,8
Portable IN CAR
Talk IN Signal Threshold
Portable OUT DOOR
Talk IN Signal Threshold
Mobile
Talk IN Signal Threshold
-90,7 -90,7
-103,7 -103,7
-84,7 -84,7
Portable
dBmW -84,7 -84,7 -84,7
-90,7
Mobile
Talk IN
Loss
-103,7 -103,7
Path Loss
dBmW -103,7 -103,7 -103,7
-84,7 -84,7
dBmW -90,7 -90,7 -90,7 -90,7
Power Budget
Talk OUT Power Budget
Talk IN
Required Delivered Audio Quality Reference Sensitivity Faded Sensitivity
Talk Out Signal Threshold
Body loss and inc-ar loss down link
Body loss and in-car loss up link
Talk In Signal Threshold Worst case
Frequency Range VHF
28 November 2017
15
Coverage reliability calculation
Coverage reliability is assumed as a function of radio service. The recommended values are as follows:
The reliability is the probability that the received local average signal strength predicted in a given “tile” equals or exceeds the desired Faded Performance Threshold.
Radio Service Faded Performance Threshold
Public Safety DAQ – 3.4
LMR DAQ – 3.0
Link budget gives a 50% coverage probability to have a local average power better than the signal threshold. To have a much more accurate coverage probability, it is needed to take into account two others parameters: • local average power statistical law: to find the space and time probability in which the signal
level is above the required minimum level • standard deviation: data dispersion from average value measurement
normal distribution as a function of probability (ITU P. 1546)
additional attenuation for local territorial
morphology probability of coverage 50%
( + standard
deviation on the local morphology
x )
28 November 2017
16
DMR Simulcast Delay Spread - 1
Two signals transmitted at precisely the same time will arrive at a receiver at different times, depending on the distance that the signal travels. This difference in arrival times of the two signals time is known as delay. The combined effect of multiple signals in a simulcast environment can be computed using the "Delay Spread" factor.
A method of quantifying modulation performance in simulcast and multipath environments is desired. Hess designed a model, called the “multipath spread model.” The model is based on the observation that for signal delays that are small with respect to the symbol time, the bit error rate (BER) observed is a function of RMS value of the time delays of the various signals weighted by their respective power levels. This delay spread represents the entire range of multipath possibilities to a single number. The multipath spread for N signals is given by:
Since BER is affected by Tm more strongly than N, any value of N can be more simply represented as if it were due to two rays of equal signal strength. This would be interpreted as Tm can be calculated by evaluating for two signals, where P1 equals P2. The value for Tm is the absolute time difference in the arrival of the two signals.
28 November 2017
17
DMR Simulcast Delay Spread - 2
In the simulcast delay spread “Hess” studies, two parameters are used: the “Capture Margin” and the “Maximum Simulcast Delay Spread” value: • "Capture Margin": if any signal exceeds at least one from all the others by this
value, then this single signal is the only one recognized by the receiver. If the capture margin criterion is not met, the delay spread value is computed with the multipath spread delay model
• "Maximum Simulcast Delay Spread (SDS)": it is the maximum permitted delay value. If the computed delay spread exceeds the maximum value, then the point is considered to have no usable signal. If the computed delay is less than the maximum specified delay, the signal at the point is the sum of the received power of the signals
The delay spread capabilities of the various modulations are predominantly a function of the characteristics of that modulation. Given the delay spread capabilities of the various modulations, it is possible to predict system performance for the applicable modulation type and thereby design the system to meet coverage and propagation requirements.
28 November 2017
18
DMR Simulcast Delay Spread - 3
Master
Slave
Slave
Slave
The whole simulcast-coverage area can be separated into two main types: • capture areas: radio terminals receive a signal from only one transmitter (or where one signal only “captures” the receiver), • non-capture (or overlap) areas: where the signal strength from adjacent transmitters is approximately equal In non-capture (or overlap) areas the delay made by the multipath from the two or more RBS toward the radio terminal must be simulated, controlled and adjusted to be non-destructive.
28 November 2017
19
DMR Simulcast Delay Spread - 4
Hess described a method where multipath spread and the total signal power necessary for given BER criteria are plotted and used to determine coverage.
BER (%) vs Multi-Path Spread (μs)
The delay spread curves can be represented for various DAQ values, as the value of Tm is associated to the BER% and to the DAQ.
The loss of sensitivity becomes extreme as the delay spread increases. An important reference is the asymptote on the delay spread axis, which is the point at which it becomes impossible to meet the BER criterion independently of the signal strength. Another important reference for a modulation is the signal strength necessary for a given BER at Tm = 0 μs. Given these attributes, the delay performance of the candidate modulation is bounded.
DMR 2 slot TDMA (AMBE +2)
TIA reported
DAQ Scores
3.0 3.4 4.0
BER (%) 2.6 2.0 1.0
Simulcast Performance Cf/N vs Multi-Path Spread (μs)
28 November 2017
20
DMR Simulcast Delay Spread - 5
d1
d2
Mobile
Local
reflectors
Slave
Base Station
Master
Base Station
Local
reflectors
The delay spread can be expressed in a simplified way as:
c
ddT
1000)(12
28 November 2017
21
DMR Simulcast Delay Spread - 6
The usual procedure is to delay the transmission of RBS that have a
smaller coverage area versus others which have a bigger coverage
area
In this example, the
transmission of BS 3 must
be delayed according to:
c
dd 1000)(21
= t
Launch time adjustment:
28 November 2017
22
DMR Simulcast Delay Spread in practice - 1
If the differences in travel times of the various paths are negligible
compared to the symbol time, the signal components arrive at the
receiver at the same time, leading to an increase in the intensity of the
signal received by the sum of the components
The higher the bit rate of the system, the lower the symbol time => the
differences in arrival times can become significant compared to the
symbol time itself. This effect creates destructive Inter Symbol
Interference (ISI) due to the sum of the current symbol with echoes of
previous symbols, with an adverse effect on system performance
The ISI begins to degrade the BER when the delay spread is greater
than 1/7 to 1/10 of symbol time
DMR modulation has a symbol duration of 208.3 µs, so attention has to
be payed when the delay spread is higher than 20 to 30 µs
28 November 2017
23
DMR Simulcast Delay Spread in practice - 2
To reduce the interference in the overlapping areas it is necessary to
maintain the RMS delay spread at a value of less than 20 to 30 µsec
To achieve this goal there are typically three means:
• by introducing a delay or an advance on the transmitted signal
from RBS, this is achieved by changing Overlap Area Distance
Compensation (OADC) parameters
• by changing the antenna bearing and kind (omnidirectional vs
directional antenna)
• by changing the RF power level of the RBS (also with potential
energy savings)
The delay spread has higher impact in outdoor environments because
multiple paths have more impact than in indoor environments
28 November 2017
24
DMR Simulcast Delay Spread in practice - 3
Delay spread analysis should be performed within a distance range
great enough (ideally infinity) to take into account also the RF field
components from those RBS which, while not contributing to the
communication (far more than the theoretical 75Km for DMR), can still
contribute the delay spread
Once completed, the static and dynamic analysis and solved the
delay spread issue, it is necessary to verify that the new coverage
allows the communication in all the user’s area. This is because the
changes due to the solution of the delay spread issue change the RF
coverage of the system
If needed, it is necessary to iterate the described procedure starting
from the calculation of the link budget and correct the parameters
(powers, delays, antenna bearings and types, etc.) so as to ensure
RF coverage and solve the delay spread issue in the service area
28 November 2017
25
DMR Simulcast Delay Spread - simulation examples 1
Performance for DAQ = 3.4 (BER = 2.0%)
delay offset for equalized map
The Signal Delay Spread (SDS) capability is the amount of delay between two independently faded equal
amplitude signals that can be tolerated, when the standard input signal is applied through a faded channel
simulator that will result in the standard BER at the receiver detector.
The channel simulator provides a composite signal of two, equal amplitude, independently faded rays, the last of
which is a delayed version of the first.
28 November 2017
26
DMR Simulcast Delay Spread - simulation examples 2
27
Thank you!
For more info:
alessandro.guido@leonardocompany.com
I M P R E S S U M
PMRExpo 2017 28. bis 30. November 2017 in Köln
Veranstalter und Herausgeber EW Medien und Kongresse GmbH Kleyerstr. 8860326 Frankfurt am Main www.ew-online.de
November 2017
Copyright: Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt vor allem für Vervielfältigungen in irgendeiner Form (Fotokopie, Mikrokopie oder ein anderes Verfahren), Übersetzung und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen.
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