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Freddy Limpens' presentation at PhiloWeb 2010.
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From folksonomies
to ontologies :a socio-
technical solution
1P H I L O W E B – O c t o b e r 1 6 t h 2 0 1 0
Freddy Limpens Edelweiss, INRIA Sophia Antipolis
Supervisors:Fabien Gandon, Edelweiss, INRIA Sophia Antipolis
Michel Buffa, I3S, Université Nice – Sophia Antipolis/CNRS
Edelweiss
• Online communities of interest
• "Enterprise 2.0" & organizations
cross-fertilizing Web 2.0 and Semantic Web
Context of the thesis
2
3
From social tagging to folksonomies
Tags freely associated to resources …
… collected and shared on the web
4
… resulting in
FOLKSONOMIES
A mass of users for a mass of resources
5
Limitations of folksonomies
Spelling variations of tags:
newyork = new_york = nyc
6
How to turn folksonomies ...
?... into
topic structures (thesaurus) ?
pollution
Soil pollutions
has narrower
pollutant Energy
related related
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… without overloading users
… and by collectingall user's expertiseinto the process
8
Ademe scenario
Expertsproduce docs
+ tagArchivists
centralize + tag
Public audienceread + tag
From controlled folksonomy to structured folksonomy
2. State of the artand positioning
9
10
State of the art
Automatic extraction of tag semantics:• Similarity based on co-occurrence patterns (Specia & Motta 2007;
Catutto 2008)
• Association rule mining (Mika 2005; Hotho et al. 2006)
pollution
Soil pollutions
has narrower
pollutant Energy
related related
11
State of the art
Involving users in tags structuring:• Simple syntax to structure tags (Huyn-Kim
Bang et al. 2008)
• Crowdsourcing strategy to validate tag-concepts mapping (Lin et al. 2010)
• Integrate ontology maturing into Social Bookmarking tool (Braun et al. 2007)
pollution
Soil pollutions
has narrower
pollutant Energy
related related
RDF
? : Resource Description Framework☐ Rwanda Defense Force
12
State of the art
Tags and Semantic Web models• SCOT for tags and tagging:
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State of the art
Tags and Semantic Web models• SCOT for tags and tagging:• MOAT (Passant & Laublet, 2008) : Raising ambiguity
by linking tags to concepts from Linked Data
3. Tagging & folksonomy enrichment models
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Tagging model
Tagging = linking a resource with a sign
What is tagging ?
16
Tagging model
NiceTag : tagging as named graphs (Carrol 2005)
nt:TaggedResource rdfs:Resourcent:isRelatedTo
nt:TagAction(named graph)
sioc:UserAccount
sioc:has_creator
sioc:Container
sioc:has_container
xsd:Date
dc:date
17
Folksonomy enrichment
2 complementary semantic enrichment:
wind-energy
renewable energy
windenergy
wind turbine
has broader
close match
has narrower
environment
related
Structuring tags as in a thesaurus (SKOS)
http://www.windenergy.com
nt:ManualTagAction
nt:isAbout
freddy
sioc:has_creator
delicious.com
sioc:has_container
18
Tagging model
Supporting diverging points of view
car pollutionskos:related
john
agrees
paul
disagrees
Supporting diverging points of view
Reification of relations with named graphs
car pollutionskos:related
srtag:SingleUser"john"
srtag:hasApproved
srtag:SingleUser"paul"
srtag:hasRejected
srtag:TagSemanticStatement
srtag:TagStructureComputer"r2d2"
srtag:hasProposed
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4. Going through the folksonomy enrichment life-cycle
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ADDING TAGS
Automatic processing
User-centricstructuring
Detect conflicts
Globalstructuring
Flat folksonomy
Structured folksonom
y
Folksonomy enrichment life-cycle
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ADDING TAGS
Automatic processing
User-centricstructuring
Detect conflicts
Globalstructuring
Flat folksonomy
Structured folksonom
y
Folksonomy enrichment life-cycle
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1. String-based metrics
pollution Soil pollutions
pollutantpollution
=> « pollution » related to « pollutant »
=> « pollution » broader than « soil pollutions »
1. String-based metrics results1. String-based metrics
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close matchrelated
broader
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2. Co-occurrence patterns
Example of folksonomy
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2. Co-occurrence patterns
renewable energywind-energy
Alex
Delphine
Claire
Monique
Anne
Hyponym relations (broader/narrower):
« renewable energy » broader than « wind-energy »
3. User-based association
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3. User-based association
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Global results of automatic processings on Ademe dataTotal with 3 automatic methods: 83027
relations for 9037 tags
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ADDING TAGS
Automatic processing
User-centricstructuring
Detect conflicts
Globalstructuring
Flat folksonomy
Structured folksonom
y
Folksonomy enrichment life-cycle
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Capturing users's contributions
Embedding structuring tasks within everyday activity (searching e.g)
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Capturing users's contributions
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Capturing user's point of view
John
srtag:hasRejectedenergie
france
skos:broader
srtag:TagSemanticStatement
Exemple:Rejecting a relation
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Capturing user's point of view
John
srtag:hasRejectedenergie
energy
skos:related
srtag:TagSemanticStatement
Exemple:Proposing another
relation
energie
energy
skos:closeMatch
srtag:TagSemanticStatement
srtag:hasProposed
ADDING TAGS
Automatic processing
User-centricstructuring
Detect conflicts
Globalstructuring
Flat folksonomy
Structured folksonom
y
Folksonomy enrichment life-cycle
35
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Conflict detection
environment pollution
Using rules:
IF num(narrower)/num(broader) ≥ cTHEN narrower winsELSE 'related' wins
narrower
John
srtag:hasApproved
Annesrtag:hasApproved
broader
Monique
srtag:hasApproved
Delphinesrtag:hasApproved
37
Conflict detection
related
broader narrower
less constrained less constrained less constrained
close match
relatedenvironment pollutionnarrower
broader
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Experimentation at ADEME
Participation of 3 members at Ademe + 2 professionals in environment
Several cases of conflicting situations
Conflicting : >1 relation per pair of tags
Approved : 1 relation, only approved
Debatable : 1 relation, BOTH approved and rejected
Rejected : 1 relation, only rejected
39
Several cases of conflicting situations
Distribution over relation types :• "closeMatch"
tends to draw a consensus more easily than others
• "broader/narrower" and "related" cause more debates/conflicts
40
Example conflict resolutionConflictingConflict solver choicedebatablerejected
41
ADDING TAGS
Automatic processing
User-centricstructuring
Detect conflicts
Globalstructuring
Flat folksonomy
Structured folksonom
y
Folksonomy enrichment life-cycle
42
Helping Referent User (Ademe archivists) choose solutions to conflicts
Reporting
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Global map
Choices of the referent user (archivists at Ademe e.g.)
ADDING TAGS
Automatic processing
User-centricstructuring
Detect conflicts
Globalstructuring
Flat folksonomy
Structured folksonom
y
Folksonomy enrichment life-cycle
45
pollutants
pollution
environment
environment
pollutants
pollution
narrower
narrower
Paul
environment
pollution
narrower
John
environment
pollution
related
Referent
pollutants
narrower
Each point of view corresponds to a layer
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Enriching individual points of view
Integrating others' contributions:1. Current user -> "Anne"2. ReferentUser (e.g. archivists)3. ConflictSolver (software agent)4. Other single users5. Automatons (metrics)
BROADER
NARROWER
RELATED
CLOSE MATCH
environnementSearch:
preoccupation environnementales
grenelle de l environnement
competences environnementales
environment
environmental
domaines environnementaux
Anne is looking for tag "environnement"
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5. Conclusion
48
49
What we do :
Help online communities
structure their tagswind-energy
renewable energy
sustainability
wind turbine
has broader
related
has narrower
environment
related
• Integrating collaborative ergonomics in design of socio-technical systems
• User interfaces : how to visualize structuring process ?• Towards Computer Supported Argumentation
• Application to the Web at large ?
• Semantics of tags : Topic vs Concept ?
50
Dicussion
51
Thank you !
freddy.limpens@inria.fr
http://www-sop.inria.fr/members/Freddy.Limpens/
52
2010• Monnin, A.; Limpens, F.; Gandon, F. & Laniado, D. Speech acts meets tagging: NiceTag ontology AIS SigPrag International Pragmatic Web
Conference, 2010• Monnin, A.; Limpens, F.; Gandon, F. & Laniado, D. ,L'ontologie NiceTag : les tags en tant que graphes nommés,A. Monnin, F. Limpens, D.
Laniado, F. Gandon, EGC 2010, Atelier Web Social• Limpens, F.; Gandon, F. & Buffa, M. Helping online communities to semantically enrich folksonomies Proceedings of the WebSci10:
Extending the Frontiers of Society On-Line, http://webscience.org, 20102009• Limpens, F.; Monnin, A.; Laniado, D. & Gandon, F. NiceTag Ontology: tags as named graphs International Workshop in Social Networks
Interoperability, ASWC09, 2009• Limpens, F.; Gandon, F. & Buffa, M. Sémantique des folksonomies : structuration collaborative et assistée Ingénierie des Connaissances,
2009 • Limpens, F.; Gandon, F. & Buffa, M. Collaborative semantic structuring of folksonomies (short article) IEEE/WIC/ACM Int. Conf. on Web
Intelligence, 2009• Erétéo, G.; Buffa, M.; Gandon, F.; Leitzelman, M. & Limpens, F. Leveraging Social data with Semantics W3C Workshop on the Future of
Social Networking, Barcelona., 2009• Henri, F.; Charlier, B. & Limpens, F. Understanding and Supporting the Creation of More Effective PLE Int. Conf. on Information
Resources Management, Dubai, 20092008 • Henri, F.; Charlier, B. & Limpens, F. Understanding PLE as an Essential Component of the Learning Process World Conf. on Educational
Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, ED-Media, Vienna, Austria, 2008 • Limpens, F.; Gandon, F. & Buffa, M. Rapprocher les ontologies et les folksonomies pour la gestion des connaissances partagées : un Etat
de l'art Proc. 19èmes journées francophones d'Ingénierie des Connaissances, Nancy, 2008• Limpens, F.; Gandon, F. & Buffa, M. Bridging Ontologies and Folksonomies to Leverage Knowledge Sharing on the Social Web: a Brief
Survey Proc. 1st International Workshop on Social Software Engineering and Applications (SoSEA),
http://www-sop.inria.fr/members/Freddy.Limpens/?q=biblio
Personal publications
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Positioning
Computed Tag similarity
Tag-Concept mapping
Users' contrib.
Sem-Web formalism
Multi-points of view
Angeletou et al. (2008) ✓ ✓ ✓
Huynh-Kim Bang et al. (2008) ✓ ✓
Passant & Laublet(2008) ✓ ✓ ✓
Lin & Davis (2010) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Braun et al. (2007) ✓ ✓
Our approach ✓ partly ✓ ✓ ✓
55
Tagging model
Specifying the Tagged Resource with IRW
(Halpin & Pressuti 2009)
nt:TaggedResource rdfs:Resourcent:isRelatedTo
nt:TagAction(named graph)
nt:TaggedResource
Information resource vs Non-Information resource,
etc.
irw:Resource
irw:InformationResource
irw:NonInformation
Resource
≡
56
Tagging model
No constraints on the model of the sign used to tag nt:TaggedResource rdfs:Resourcent:isRelatedTo
nt:TagAction(named graph)
nt:TaggedResource
http:geonames.org/2990440nt:isRelatedTo
scot:Tag
:)
skos:Concept
nt:isRelatedTo
nt:isRelatedTo
nt:isRelatedTo
nt:isRelatedTo
moat:Tag moat:hasMeaning
57
Tagging model
Typing the relation to reflect on pragmatics of use of tags nt:TaggedResource rdfs:Resourcent:isRelatedTo
nt:TagAction(named graph)
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Tagging model
Typing the named graphs for additional dimensions of tagging
nt:TaggedResource rdfs:Resourcent:isRelatedTo
nt:TagAction(named graph)
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Tagging model
Example of a tagging in delicious
http://www.windenergy.com
nt:ManualTagAction
nt:isAbout scot:Tag"wind-energy"
freddy
sioc:has_creator
delicious.com
sioc:has_container
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