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Dynamics of various Conventional and advanced
Information and Communication Technologies in
Earthquakes
(A user’s perspective)
Supervisors
Dr Susan Grant-Muller
Dr Frank Lai
Presenter
Engr. Izza Anwer
Tsiam@leeds.ac.uk
Institute of Transport Studies
Contents of presentation
State of the art
Research objective
Research questions
Methodology
Focus Group
Identified Factors
Conclusions
Future work
Take home message
State of the art
(Wang et al., 2010) Recommends that traffic in a disaster during evacuation (or relief operations) adds more critical problems to existing traffic problems that can be
controlled by continuous information flow through ICT technologies.
(Adam J. Pel1 2012) Recommends that timely and efficient evacuation and rescue and search operations are strongly dependent on the timely flow of information.
(Sommerfeldt, 2014) Recommends the systematic study of the use of information and communication sources in a crisis because new technologies are diffusing in society at
a rapid pace.
(Societies, 2013) Recommends further study of information and communication advancements and their relation with individuals and communities (at a humanitarian level) in disasters (earthquakes) because they are the first and most directly affected.
(Shaluf, 2007) Recommends in his work that studying any disaster by considering any particular stage and ignoring the rest of the disaster misses much useful information. A
disaster should be studied for all three technological stages.
State of the art
Dynamics of Earthquakes
• Intensities of an earthquake
• Stages of an earthquake
Dynamics of ICT Technologies
• By the individuals of communities
• To the individuals of communities
Dynamics of Transport
• Evacuation of the people affected (outbound)
• Emergency and recue of the people affected (Inbound)
Dynamics of Information and Communication
technologies
Dynamics of Earthquakes
• Intensities of an earthquake
• Stages of an earthquake
Dynamics of ICT Technologies
• By the individuals of communities
• To the individuals of communities
Dynamics of Transport
• Evacuation of the people affected (outbound)
• Emergency and recue of the people affected (Inbound)
Dynamics of Earthquake (affecting ICT)
Dynamics of Earthquakes
• Intensities of an earthquake
• Stages of an earthquake
Dynamics of ICT Technologies
• By the individuals of communities
• To the individuals of communities
Dynamics of Transport
• Evacuation of the people affected (outbound)
• Emergency and recue of the people affected (Inbound)
Dynamics of Transport (affected by ICT)
Dynamics of Earthquakes
• Intensities of an earthquake
• Stages of an earthquake
Dynamics of ICT Technologies
• By the individuals of communities
• To the individuals of communities
Dynamics of Transport
• Evacuation of the people affected (outbound)
• Emergency and recue of the people affected (Inbound)
Objective
To understand the use of ICT technologies by
individuals and communities in an
earthquake to mitigate the information and
communication gaps and to improve transport
system in earthquake scenarios.
Research Questions
“How and what types of ICT technologies are (or can be) used in different stages and intensities of earthquakes by
individuals and communities?”
Overall Research Plan
ICT technologies
used for transport
system in disaster
by Individuals and
communities
Data fusion
from
different
sources
Combined ICT
technology model
for transport
system in disasters
Validation of model
(transport system in
earthquake and
flood)
Quantitative
Qualitative
Data collection from
different resources
and methods
Research presented here
ICT technologies
used for transport
system in disaster
by Individuals and
communities
Data fusion
from
different
sources
Combined ICT
technology model
for transport
system in disasters
Validation of model
(transport system in
earthquake and
flood)
Quantitative
Qualitative
Data collection from
different resources
and methods
Focus Group
Participants Gender Age Nature of work
1. Male 65+ Private business owner
2 Female 41 - 65 Home maker
3 Male 26 - 40 Part time student and private employee
4 Female 18 - 25 Full time student
5 Female 26 – 40 Government employee
6 Female 26 – 40 Full time student and home maker
7 Male 26 – 40 Private employee
8 Male 26 – 40 Private employee
9 Male 26 – 40 Full time student / part time employee
10 Female 26 – 40 Full time student / part time employee
11 Male 26 – 40 Private employee
12 Female 18 - 25 Full time student / part time employee
Identified Factors (in pre, during and after
earthquake periods)
Priority of using ICT technologies in
earthquake
Age factor (ICT generation gap)
Gender and Professional engagement
The evolution of ICT technologies over time
Evacuations, Emergency services and
vehicles
Urban Vs rural area (and terrain)
Community strength building through ICT
technologies
Age (ICT generation gap)
Elder participants were not comfortable using advance ICT technologies (such as GPS, tracker maps, social media websites)
Younger participants were more comfortable in using advanced ICT technologies
Gender and Professional engagement
“I only have to stay
home and my social
circle is not that big
so I do not need to
spend more money
on smartphones if a
simple mobile phone
can serve the same
purpose. In addition,
I do not have time
out of household
activities to
participate in social
media activities”
• Gender does not affect use of ICT
technologies. However, male
members were more proactive in
seeking information and
communication compared to the
female members.
• Members of community who were
more engaged in professional (or
social) activities and usually drove a
vehicle by themselves used ICT
technologies in earthquake
The evolutions of ICT technologies over time
“I am getting
older and
weaker with
time but ICT
technologies
are getting
younger and
stronger”
• Participants did not use
advanced ICT technology in
previous decade.
• Participants have observed
other people using ICT
technologies in earthquake
e.g. to get information about
earthquakes’ magnitude
• Participants have used
simple mobile phones and
social media websites in
recent years.
Evacuations, Emergency services and vehicles
“I was attending class …. the
building started moving
vigorously.….. I felt dizzy…
then I realized that everything
was vibrating….no one could
move….not even our
teacher…… some one yelled
that it’s an earthquake……
door was jammed….we could
not escaped….some people
were still picking their
belongings….. without
realizing …. how critical the
situation was.”
• No participant
contacted emergency
and rescue services,
however, participants
have observed other
people doing so.
• Participants have
observed rescue
services using GPS
system to reach to
hospital / affected
people using shortest
path.
Urban Vs rural area (and terrain)
“Few decades before
…... communication
was not very effective
to contact loved
ones…..in farther
areas….. in
earthquake…. we used
to write letters to the
loved ones ….. If they
replied back……..they
are alive.”
• Urban area population
was not able to use ICT
technology
• Why?
• Rural area population
was not able to use ICT
technology
• Why?
• Hilly areas or other
difficult terrains’
population was not able
to use ICT technology
• Why?
Community strength building through ICT technologies
“It was a working
day and I was in my
office, as I noticed
objects were
vibrating on my
table, I rushed
outside the office
while dialling at
home”.
ICT technology enhances
community strength
(supporting each other
physically, emotionally,
psychologically and
financially) in various
dimensions in an
earthquake such as quick or
guided traffic evacuations.
sharing of vehicles,
information and other
resources in crisis.
Conclusions
Age and sophistication of ICT technologies used are inter-related. Individuals with higher age experienced themselves to be more dependent (while evacuation and use of ICT technology) on the younger individuals in an earthquake .
Earthquake complicated scenarios (intensities and different stages) affects and limit the use of in hand ICT technologies.
ICT technologies used by different individuals and communities and authorities in earthquakes are not the same and hence leave many addressable loopholes in the information and communication flows.
Use of social media, GPS and other information and communication applications are dependent on the availability of Wi-Fi (internet). Thus, people affected in the earthquake find it difficult to evacuate the area without any guidance.
Conclusions
Choice of ICT technology (by individuals and the community) is dependent on the complexity (or simplicity) of that technology, ease and purpose of use in earthquake (as earthquake is very critical time).
ICT technologies are the first step that can help to develop community strength.
A smart phone provides lots of options for information flow and communication, but there are issues with battery life.
The ICT technologies that are used by individuals and communities have certain limitations in earthquakes. There is need to consider those advance transport technologies that can be operated remotely.
Future work
Next step…..detailed data collection from different
individuals and communities…is due in
January 2015
Existing ICT technologies that can be used in transport system in an earthquake and can be operated remotely will
be investigated further.
Take home message
The role of existing ICT technologies should be integrated with the other
advance transport technologies (that can be operated remotely) to
improve the transport system in an earthquake
References
(Sommerfeldt, 2014)SOMMERFELDT, E. J. 2014. Disasters and
Information Source Repertoires: Information Seeking and
Information Sufficiency in Postearthquake Haiti. Journal of
Applied Communication Research, 43, 1-22.
(Adam J. Pel1 2012)ADAM J. PEL1 , M. C. J. B. A. S. P. H. 2012.
A review on travel behaviour modelling in dynamic traffic
simulation models for evacuations.
(Tribune, December 11, 2013, Societies, 2013)SOCIETIES, I. F. O.
R. C. A. R. C. 2013. World Disasters Report 2013 Focus on
technology and the future of humanitarian action.
(Wang et al., 2010)WANG, F., LI, C., ZHOU, X., NAYAK, M. &
CHEN, X. 2010. Effectiveness of Traffic Management Strategies
at Destination during Emergency Evacuation. Journal of
Transportation Safety & Security, 2, 152-170.
(Shaluf, 2007)SHALUF, I. M. 2007. An overview on the
technological disasters. Disaster Prevention and Management,
16, 380-390.
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