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Canada’s Approach to Marine Spatial Planning – an ecosystem-
based approach
Darren Williams & Danna CampbellOcean Policy and Planning UnitFisheries and Oceans Canada
Geographic Context• Marine area equivalent to 2/3rds of Canada’s landmass
• Longest coastline and 2nd largest continental shelf in the world
• $39B in economic activity and >326,000 jobs
• Significant social, cultural and spiritual value for First Nations and Aboriginal communities
• Sparsely populated coastline / few urban centers
• Growing intensity and complexity of marine uses in specific areas– Multi-generational community dependant fishery– Offshore oil and gas 85%– Tourism 41%– Marine transportation 23%– Massive offshore wind, wave and tidal energy potential– Proven mineral, metal and aggregate deposits
Legal and Policy Context for Marine Planning
• Oceans Act (1996) and Canada’s Oceans Strategy (2005) commitments to:– Integrated Ocean Management (IOM) plans– National network of Marine Protected Areas– Marine Environmental Quality guidelines and standards
• Key premise: human activities are dependant on the health and viability of marine ecosystems
• Integrated Oceans Management: – Seeks to maintain the integrity of marine ecosystems & minimize
user conflicts by proactively identifying key ecological & human use values, collaboratively establishing objectives & developing and implementing plans to ensure the optimal use of ocean spaces
IOM vs. MSPSimilarities:
– Ecosystem-based approach to management– Respond to increasing number and scope of human activities in marine
environment– Aimed at reducing fragmentation of policies and decision-making– Follow a logical sequence of planning steps
Differences:– MSP focused on allocation of oceans space whereas IOM is focused on
establishing an ecological foundation for all marine use sectors– MSP is focused on the development of a “plan” whereas IOM is focused on
integration of management authorities and tools from across a variety of marine use sectors to achieve ecological and socio-economic outcomes.
Conclusion:– MSP is complimentary to IOM planning but not always required
Current Priorities
Identification of Required Management Measures
Strategies / Action Plans
Indicators
Monitoring
Risk Assessment(threats analysis)
Priority Setting & Pathways of Effects Development
Work Completed to Date
Define and Assess Planning AreaIdentify & assess availableinformation & knowledge
Socio-Economic & Cultural Overview & Assessment
- Social demographic data - Industry use & potential- Cultural use and priorities- Existing licenses and rights
Ecosystem Overviews & Assessments
- Geophysical information- Ecological characteristics and
processes- What resources exist (e.g.
location, quantity, quality, etc)
Identification of Valued Economic, Social and Cultural
Components:e.g. VESCAs
Identification of Key Ecosystem Components:e.g. EBSAs,
Significant Species,Community properties, etc
Identification of Conservation Objectives
Identification of Socio-economic Objectives
Strategic IOM Plan(High Level Goals and Objectives)
IntegratedOceanManagementPlanning Process
Work Completed to Date
Define & Assess Planning Area
Identify & assess availableinformation & knowledge
Socio-Economic & Cultural Overview & Assessment
- Social demographic data - Industry use & potential- Cultural use and priorities- Existing licenses and rights
Ecosystem Overviews & Assessments
- Geophysical information- Ecological characteristics
and processes- What resources exist (e.g.
location, quantity, quality, etc)
Identification of Valued Economic, Social and Cultural Components:
e.g. VESCAs
Identification of Key Ecosystem Components:
e.g. Ecologically and Biologically Significant
Areas,Significant Species,
Community properties
Identification of Conservation ObjectivesIdentification of
Socio-economic Objectives
Strategic IOM Plan(High Level Goals and Objectives)
EvaluationХ Most products were too general to
be usefulХ Lengthy and resource intensiveХ Planning process with broad
expectationsХ Lack of focus on key issues and
responsible authoritiesХ Difficult to demonstrate results
Information products & governance processes promoted stakeholder engagement
Increased scientific support & guidance
Identification of significant ecosystem components & functions (e.g. EBSAs)
Advanced learning on how to proceed (i.e. Focus on what is ecologically & socio-economically important)
Initial Framework: Large Ocean Management Areas
Characterized by:• Important living and
non-living marine resources
• High biological diversity and productivity
• Many stakeholders competing for ocean space and resources
• EBSAs are tools for calling attention to an area that has particularly high ecological or biological significance, to facilitate provision of a greater-than-usual degree of risk aversion in management of activities in such areas.
Ecologically and Biologically Significant Area (EBSA)
Current Directions for IOM in Canada:
• A shift away from LOMAs to marine bioregions and “hot spots”
Marine Bioregions of Canada
Current Directions for IOM in Canada:• A shift away from LOMAs to marine bioregions and “hot spots”
• Increased application of risk-based analysis and management including:– Identifying & characterizing stressors associated with marine use
activities– Development of risk assessment models– Identifying science-based conservation targets and limits– Establishing operational objectives and guidance for marine use activities
Pathways of Effects for marine/coastal activities
Ecosystem Component
ProvisioningServices
CulturalServices
SupportingServices
RegulatingServices
Socio-Cultural & EconomicActivities
Dependencies
Drivers
Pressures
Aquatic EcosystemGoods andServices
AgricultureForestryFisheriesMunicipalities Industries LandTransportation
Residential & Commercial
FishProcessing Aquaculture Marine
TransportationMining Oil and GasTourism &Recreation
RenewableEnergy
AgricultureForestryFisheriesMunicipalities Industries LandTransportation
Residential & Commercial
FishProcessing Aquaculture Marine
TransportationMining Oil and GasTourism &Recreation
RenewableEnergy
Sedimentload
changes
Introduction of
contaminants
Introduction of
pathogens
Habitat connectivity
changes
Biota changes
Hydrologic changes
Nutrient regime
changes
Introduction of Invasive
Species
Riparian zonechanges
Habitat changes
Fish harvest
Agriculturalproduction
Water source
Water quality
Nature recreation
Aesthetics Cultures
SpiritualityNutrientcycling
Water purification
Photo-synthesis
Decompo-sition
Flood attenuation
Waste assimila-
tion
Carbon sequestra-
tion
Others
Potential mechanismfor impacts
Ecosystem Component Ecosystem Component Ecosystem Component Valued Ecosystem
Components (VECs)
Mechanism generatingpressures
Ecologicalendpoints
Mechanism for Socio-Cultural& Economiceffects
Total Socio-Cultural & Economic Values
Mechanism generatingecologicalimpacts
Mechanism for changes in goods & services
Risk Assessment
Current Directions for IOM in Canada:• A shift away from LOMAs to marine bioregions and “hot spots”
• Increased application of risk-based analysis and management including:
– Identifying & characterizing stressors associated with marine use activities
– Development of risk assessment models– Identifying science-based conservation targets and limits– Establishing operational objectives and guidance for marine use activities
• Increased use of geospatial analysis and reporting tools
19
States Pressures
Reports
*B
iodiversity
Marine life
Habitats
Oceanography
*S
ea floor integrity (benthic)
*Food w
ebs
*N
on-indigenous S
pecies
*Fisheries
*E
utrophication
*H
ydrographical condition
*C
ontaminants
*M
arine Litter
*E
nergy (noise)
Clim
ate change
Ocean acidification
Wind farm
s, cables
Radioactive
substances
Offshore oil and gas
Tourism and recreation
Cum
ulative pressures
Contam
inants in seafood
ESTR M M MM M M M M M M M M M
SOTO:
P, B, G, P* I X M X X X X X M X X
ESSIM X X X X X X X C X M X X C C
HELCOM X M M M M X X X X X X X
OSPAR X M M M M X X X X X X X X X X X X M
Legend:* PBGB, Beaufort, GOSLIM, PNCIMA* MSFD descriptorX= Detailed analysis of component with area specific dataM= Brief mention of componentI= IndirectC= Coming
• Generally, the focus of Canadian reports has been on describing the states/ecosystem features. International reports focus on pressures and visually display the intensity and location through mapping products.
Comparative analysis of International and National reports on marine ecosystem states and pressures
Recommendations
Current Directions for IOM in Canada:• A shift away from LOMAs to marine bioregions and “hot spots”
• Increased application of risk-based analysis and management including:– Identifying & characterizing stressors associated with marine use
activities– Development of risk assessment models– Identifying science-based conservation targets and limits– Establishing operational objectives and guidance for marine use activities
• Increased use of geospatial analysis and reporting tools
• Increased coordination and use of marine conservation tools through development and application of marine protected area network planning and marine environmental quality provisions (e.g. industrial codes of practice, regulations, etc).
(Bocaccio is a rockfish
found in the coastal
waters of the eastern Pacific ocean)
MPA networks can protect key life stages of important species
Thank you!
Darren.Williams@dfo-mpo.gc.caDanna.Campbell@dfo-mpo.gc.ca
Ecosystem-Based / Integrated Oceans Management• Taking into account marine ecosystem health in the management of
human activities affecting marine and coastal areas (including land-based activities)
• Ensuring that significant components (areas, species, properties) which are key to maintaining ecosystem structure and function are not significantly impacted by activities (including cumulative effects)
• Significant components become management priorities as they are translated into conservation objectives and limits in Integrated Oceans Management plans
• Other development objectives for Integrated Oceans Management (social, economic, cultural) are set within the bounds defined by conservation objectives
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