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Color is a perceptual phenomenon that can be explored through psychometrics and modeling of attribute correlates. Color is also a cognitive phenomenon that can be researched through color naming and categorization. We begin with a review of previous research, with an emphasis on the challenges and applications of this work. Building on a large unconstrained color naming corpus collected online from over 4,000 volunteers we demonstrate the long-tail of color naming and derive an online color tool based on the thesaurus model of synonyms and antonyms.To further improve the quality and quantity of the underlying naming corpus, we introduce two novel feedback mechanisms to the Italian version of the online color thesaurus: instance based harvesting of missing names and optional user ranking of included names. This allows a more efficient creation of a higher quality color naming corpus.
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IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Cognitive Aspects of ColorAspetti cognitivi del colore
G. Beretta N. Moroney
Print Production Automation LabHewlett-Packard Laboratories
Palo Alto, California
IVa¯ Conferenza Nazionale del Gruppo del Colore
Como, 18 settembre 2008
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Outline
1 IntroductionNew Challenges in Color ManagementLexical ColorColor Naming
2 Previous WorkAttempts to Compile ThesauriExtensions of the Basic Color TermsSummary
3 Our Results & ContributionColor Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Broad Problem DescriptionSpecific Problem DescriptionCategorical Perception
Outline
1 IntroductionNew Challenges in Color ManagementLexical ColorColor Naming
2 Previous WorkAttempts to Compile ThesauriExtensions of the Basic Color TermsSummary
3 Our Results & ContributionColor Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Broad Problem DescriptionSpecific Problem DescriptionCategorical Perception
Emerging Display Technologies
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Broad Problem DescriptionSpecific Problem DescriptionCategorical Perception
Today’s Nomadic Road Warrior Works Wherever
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Broad Problem DescriptionSpecific Problem DescriptionCategorical Perception
Color Management Is Just Expected to Work
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Broad Problem DescriptionSpecific Problem DescriptionCategorical Perception
Color Integrity
At the 1997 panel discussion on color fidelity vs. color integrityat the Color Imaging Conference in Scottsdale we had argued:
Color fidelity cannot be achieved in consumer applicationslike Internet shoppingA color never comes alone: it is part of a paletteColor fidelity is not necessary if color integrity ismaintained
1 Foveal colors should not cross name boundaries2 The error vectors should have a uniform flux
Distortions are unavoidable, we need to control them
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Broad Problem DescriptionSpecific Problem DescriptionCategorical Perception
Naming of Colors
In real life, the names of colors are often less important thanthe names of colors of objects
ExampleDelk & Fillenbaum experiment (1965)
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Broad Problem DescriptionSpecific Problem DescriptionCategorical Perception
More Applications of Color Naming
Once we have facilities for processing color by name, we canfind more applications:
Better user experience in GUIsAutomatic nudging of text and logo colors for readibility invariable data printing
Gamut mapping for HDR and wide gamut displaysCulture-independent preferred color renderingThematic rendering
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Broad Problem DescriptionSpecific Problem DescriptionCategorical Perception
Outline
1 IntroductionNew Challenges in Color ManagementLexical ColorColor Naming
2 Previous WorkAttempts to Compile ThesauriExtensions of the Basic Color TermsSummary
3 Our Results & ContributionColor Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Broad Problem DescriptionSpecific Problem DescriptionCategorical Perception
Metric Color Discrimination
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Broad Problem DescriptionSpecific Problem DescriptionCategorical Perception
Color Communication
amber
stimulus detectors early mechanisms pictorial register
context parameters
Color lexicon
color nameaction
edgescontourmotiondepth
color
…
internallightness
hue
chromaetc.
lightness
hue
chromaetc.
apparent colorrepresentation
color space
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Broad Problem DescriptionSpecific Problem DescriptionCategorical Perception
Color Naming Constraints
1 Physiological basis of color perception2 General color cognition
basic vs. derived color categoriesrole of prototypesformatting of internal representation
3 Color communicationsharable knowledge about the worldmetaphorical namessemantic and syntactic constraints
Result: an observer can discriminate more efficiently between apair of colors straddling a category boundary than between apair in the same category
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Broad Problem DescriptionSpecific Problem DescriptionCategorical Perception
Categorical Color Discrimination
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Broad Problem DescriptionSpecific Problem DescriptionCategorical Perception
Outline
1 IntroductionNew Challenges in Color ManagementLexical ColorColor Naming
2 Previous WorkAttempts to Compile ThesauriExtensions of the Basic Color TermsSummary
3 Our Results & ContributionColor Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Broad Problem DescriptionSpecific Problem DescriptionCategorical Perception
Development of Color Naming
Color naming is acquired, not geneticsocio-economic status (SES)
Occurs late in child’s development, but age is decreasingwith increase of technology
1900: basic four colors @ 8 years1950: @ 5 years of age
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Broad Problem DescriptionSpecific Problem DescriptionCategorical Perception
Color Ontogeny of Languages
Brent Berlin and Paul Kay, University of Berkeley, 1969The physiology underlying even the unique hues isunknownThere is no natural categorization
yellow
red
greenyellow
green
blue brownwhiteandblack
orangeand/orpinkand/orpurpleand/orgray
I II III IV VI VIIV
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Broad Problem DescriptionSpecific Problem DescriptionCategorical Perception
The Structure of Color Naming Spaces
1 What is the set of color names?2 Where are the boundaries for synonyms?
Without a natural categorization, it is not clear where theboundary for synonyms areAn important problem in avionics
3 How are the color names categorized algorithmically?
.55
.45
.35
.25
.15.05 .15 .25 .35 .45
v’
u’
David L. Post, 1988
green
white yelloworange
red
peachaqua
graypink
bluepurple
1. 1. 1.
1..98 .92 .65 .53
.99 .98 .97 .88 .62.97 .91 .94 .84 .66 .5.71 .71 .68 .7 .44
.33
.73 87.91.87 .53.71.59.73.74.57.33.46.44.31
.75.88.96.98.58.54.63.59 .5
.39
.45
.49.63.78.81.63.47.33.35.56.61.61.52
.98.96.93.52
.51
.61.53.53 .47.47
.47.52.41.45
.64
.56 .43.56
.56
.53
.48 .3
.57.56.44
.77.63.38
.82.65.36
.69.42
.39
.45.45
.47.48.28
.37.38
.36
.35
.53.64 .5
.62.75 .53
.74.82.53
.9.84 .48.92.89.53
.98 .9.52
.98 .9 .53
.97 .9
.96.91 .6
.97.92.63
.97.94
.97
.32.46.56.68.76 .74.75.58 .35.53 .7 .8 .85.87.82.74.52.74.81.87.91.89.86
.33.57.69.83.92.88.87.57 .7 .82.86.88.56.68.72.74
.51.63
.5
.48.44
.56.56.47.54.67.77.59.48.7 .83 .8 .72.65.82.92 .9 .75.69.83.93.89.81.83.94.92
.52.91.95
.84B = CIE Standard Illuminant B
E = equal-energy pointD = CIE Standard Illuminant D65C = CIE Standard Illuminant C
A = CIE Standard Illuminant A
A
BED
C
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Broad Problem DescriptionSpecific Problem DescriptionCategorical Perception
What is A Color Thesaurus?
DefinitionA thesaurus is a compilation of synonyms (and antonyms) withetymological and semantical information as well as examples todisambiguate the synonyms
There is a number of dictionaries of color namesIn 1955 Kelly and Judd produced an early color thesaurusIn 2007 Nathan Moroney created an online thesaurus ofcolor names
based on an earlier online color naming experiment
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Attempts to Compile ThesauriExtensions of the Basic Color TermsSummary
Outline
1 IntroductionNew Challenges in Color ManagementLexical ColorColor Naming
2 Previous WorkAttempts to Compile ThesauriExtensions of the Basic Color TermsSummary
3 Our Results & ContributionColor Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Attempts to Compile ThesauriExtensions of the Basic Color TermsSummary
The ISCC–NBS Method of Designating Colors and ADictionary of Color Names
Kenneth L. Kelly & Deane B. Judd, 1955Names from over a dozen compilations in use in the USA;uniformity in Munsell space1933 recommendations by I.H. Godlove + scheme of huemodifiers + heuristics
Munsell Value
Munsell C
hroma
black dark gray medium gray light gray white
–ish black dark –ish gray –ish gray light –ish gray –ish white
blackish darkgrayish grayish
paleor
light grayishvery pale
very dark dark moderate light very light
very deep deep strong brilliant
vivid
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Attempts to Compile ThesauriExtensions of the Basic Color TermsSummary
Coloroid Color NamesAntal Nemcsics, 1993
Historical pigment names; process and structure notdocumented; 70’000 observersStructure hierarchy: 7 domains, 76 primary colorsSeveral errors and inconsistencies
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
T
V
A = 20
Anatolian brown
cement greybroken warm white
Roman ochre
brown beige
Arsigont
Pompeian yellow
orange ochreIndian orange
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Attempts to Compile ThesauriExtensions of the Basic Color TermsSummary
Outline
1 IntroductionNew Challenges in Color ManagementLexical ColorColor Naming
2 Previous WorkAttempts to Compile ThesauriExtensions of the Basic Color TermsSummary
3 Our Results & ContributionColor Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Attempts to Compile ThesauriExtensions of the Basic Color TermsSummary
Color Names for AvionicsDavid L. Post and collaborators, 1985–1989
Start with 12-name vocabulary (basic terms + peach)Psychophysics; present 210 stimuli (uniform in UCS) onvarious backgrounds under various illuminantsBoundaries enclose areas within which the modalcolor-name response corresponds with the color nameProbability of obtaining the modal color-name response
.55
.45
.35
.25
.15.05 .15 .25 .35 .45
v’
u’
David L. Post, 1988
green
white yelloworange
red
peachaqua
graypink
bluepurple
1. 1. 1.
1..98 .92 .65 .53
.99 .98 .97 .88 .62.97 .91 .94 .84 .66 .5.71 .71 .68 .7 .44
.33
.73 87.91.87 .53.71.59.73.74.57.33.46.44.31
.75.88.96.98.58.54.63.59 .5
.39
.45
.49.63.78.81.63.47.33.35.56.61.61.52
.98.96.93.52
.51
.61.53.53 .47.47
.47.52.41.45
.64
.56 .43.56
.56
.53
.48 .3
.57.56.44
.77.63.38
.82.65.36
.69.42
.39
.45.45
.47.48.28
.37.38
.36
.35
.53.64 .5
.62.75 .53
.74.82.53
.9.84 .48.92.89.53
.98 .9.52
.98 .9 .53
.97 .9
.96.91 .6
.97.92.63
.97.94
.97
.32.46.56.68.76 .74.75.58 .35.53 .7 .8 .85.87.82.74.52.74.81.87.91.89.86
.33.57.69.83.92.88.87.57 .7 .82.86.88.56.68.72.74
.51.63
.5
.48.44
.56.56.47.54.67.77.59.48.7 .83 .8 .72.65.82.92 .9 .75.69.83.93.89.81.83.94.92
.52.91.95
.84B = CIE Standard Illuminant B
E = equal-energy pointD = CIE Standard Illuminant D65C = CIE Standard Illuminant C
A = CIE Standard Illuminant A
A
BED
C
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Attempts to Compile ThesauriExtensions of the Basic Color TermsSummary
Influence of Culture on Color NamingHeinrich Zollinger, ca. 1975
What is the link between the neurobiology of color visionand color naming (embodyment)?Subjects native speakers in:
chemistry students in German, French, English, Hebrew,Japaneseart students in German, HebrewJapanese childrenanalphabets in Kekchi, Misquito
Tasks:1 list minimally necessary color names2 list supplementary color names3 total must be 124 name 117 Munsell chips
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Attempts to Compile ThesauriExtensions of the Basic Color TermsSummary
Frequency of OccurrenceChemistry students
60%
20%
40%
Häufigkeit
5R 5RP5P5PB5B5BG5G5GY5Y5YR
rotgelb
orange
braun
grünblau violett
rot
rosa
purpur
ETH-Zürich
60%
20%
40%
かいすう
5R 5RP5P5PB5B5BG5G5GY5Y5YR
80%
オレンジ
TKD-東京
朱あか黄き
茶ちゃ
橙ダイダイ
緑みどり 青あお
水色
みずいろ
紫むらさき
ピンク
桃色
ももいろ
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Attempts to Compile ThesauriExtensions of the Basic Color TermsSummary
Robotic Agent Naming ColorsJohan Lammens, 1994
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Attempts to Compile ThesauriExtensions of the Basic Color TermsSummary
Outline
1 IntroductionNew Challenges in Color ManagementLexical ColorColor Naming
2 Previous WorkAttempts to Compile ThesauriExtensions of the Basic Color TermsSummary
3 Our Results & ContributionColor Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Attempts to Compile ThesauriExtensions of the Basic Color TermsSummary
Number of Color Categories
Berlin & Kay: 11 basic termswhite, black, red green yellow, blue, brown, orange, pink,purple, grey
ISCC–NBS: 267 categoriesNemcsics: 76 primary colorsBoynton & Olson: 15 nonbasic terms are frequently used
tan, peach, olive, lavender, violet, lime, salmon, indigo,cyan, cream, magenta, turquoise, chartreuse, rust, maroon11 + 15 = 262 uninformed subjects were presented twice the 424 OSApatches and asked how many colors they sawone subject estimated 30, the other 80
11 is too low a number to categorize colors
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Attempts to Compile ThesauriExtensions of the Basic Color TermsSummary
Limitations of These Solutions
Only ISCC–NBS has a bona fide thesaurus266 color categories with annotated synonyms
Even with 7,500 color names, the dictionary is very limiteda snapshot in time (1955)mostly government and industry relatedonly in English
It is not clear how many categories there areThese limitations make it less useful
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Color Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Outline
1 IntroductionNew Challenges in Color ManagementLexical ColorColor Naming
2 Previous WorkAttempts to Compile ThesauriExtensions of the Basic Color TermsSummary
3 Our Results & ContributionColor Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Color Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Research Constraints
We are interested in the names of color patchesNot in free lists of color namesNot in color object namesNot in the evolution of color names
carta zucchero102, 140, 204; #668ccc; very rare.azzurro, indacoazzurro scuro, ciano.ant. maroone chiaro, ocra.
celeste54, 176, 239; #36b0ef; rare.ciano, azzurrocyan, carta zucchero.ant. arancio, arancione.
yellow
red
greenyellow
green
blue brownwhiteandblack
orangeand/orpinkand/orpurpleand/orgray
I II III IV VI VIIV
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Color Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Goal
1 Large dictionaryextensive, through crowd-sourcingevolves through timenot limited to one language
2 Number of synonym categories� 12decided though crowd-sourcingnot 266 like in ISCC–NBS thesaurus. . . or 26, or 30, or 80. . .
3 Algorithm for determining categoriesexplicitly ask user for a specific and a general nameconstruct separate categorizations for eachexplore boundary-finding algorithms
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Color Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Color Naming Experiment
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Color Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Outline
1 IntroductionNew Challenges in Color ManagementLexical ColorColor Naming
2 Previous WorkAttempts to Compile ThesauriExtensions of the Basic Color TermsSummary
3 Our Results & ContributionColor Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Color Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
The Color Thesaurus in English
The ephemerality is built in!
http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Nathan_Moroney/color-thesaurus.html
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Color Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Color Zeitgeist
Can easily derive secondary toolsTag cloud visualization of the color name queries
Example
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Color Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Italian Color Thesaurus
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Color Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Qualifying the Corpus
Problems:we observed about5% disruptiveparticipants in theexperimentvariability of rarelyused names
Solution is to collectexplicit feedback on theglobal statistics fromeach participantMore efficient thanrecruiting domainspecialists
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Color Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Expanding the Corpus
Problem: Insufficient data in non-English corporaSolutions:
1 brute force: adding a hundred names require tens ofthousands of participants
because of redundancy (long tail distribution) this is veryinefficientwhen a name is missing, the cost for completing the corpusis high
2 targeted harvesting: get participants to find sparseregions. . .
3 . . . and submit relevant data
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Color Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Contributed Name Distribution
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
brickemerald
leaf green
eggplantchocolate
cornflower
blue gray
fluorescent green
kelly green
burnt orange
khakibright blue
beigerosepeach
grass green
sea green
periwinkle
lilacmaroonlight blue
turquoiseyellow
magentaredgreen
greenbluepurplepinkredblacklime greenbrownmagentavioletsky blueorangeyellowteallight greenfuchsiaturquoiseaquaroyal blueforest
light bluelavendergraynavy bluemaroonlimedark bluedark greenlilacoliveolive greencyanperiwinklemint greenbright greenmauvesea greenhot pinkneon greenseafoam
grass greentanyellow greennavypeachburgundysalmonlight purplerosegoldplumbrick redbeigemustardwhiteindigobright bluechartreuselight brownaquamarine
khakidark browndark purplemoss greenburnt orangespring greenpea greenbaby bluekelly greendark pinkrustblue greenfluorescent greensagehunter greenpale greenblue graycobaltmidnight bluelight pink
cornflowercreamred orangedark redchocolatecrimsoncoralapple greeneggplantgoldenrodmedium blueocean blueleaf greenbright purplegrapelight yellowemeraldjadeochrearmy greenbrick
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Color Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Expanding the Corpus
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Color Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Outline
1 IntroductionNew Challenges in Color ManagementLexical ColorColor Naming
2 Previous WorkAttempts to Compile ThesauriExtensions of the Basic Color TermsSummary
3 Our Results & ContributionColor Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Color Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Limitations of the First Experiments
We have solved:how can we screen out bogus data?how do we get scalability?how can we make the experiments more collaborative?
Remaining problem:the categorization lacks fixed boundariessynonyms are formed ad hoc by searching for the colornames with the smallest CIECAM02 color differencegreater than 5∆E∗
02,C
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Color Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Planned Extensions
Algorithm for determining categoriesexplicitly ask user for a specific and a general nameconstruct separate categorizations for eachexplore boundary-finding algorithms
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Color Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
The Density of Color Names
g
j
green
yellow
orange
brown
pinkred
blue
purple
whitegrey
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Color Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Outline
1 IntroductionNew Challenges in Color ManagementLexical ColorColor Naming
2 Previous WorkAttempts to Compile ThesauriExtensions of the Basic Color TermsSummary
3 Our Results & ContributionColor Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Color Naming on the WebTools Leveraging the CorpusWork in ProgressResults So Far
Statistics
120’760 synonyms served from September 2007 throughAugust 2008Syndicated by
Core Design 77http://www.core77.com/blog/object_culture/online_color_thesaurus_7966.asp
Aubrey Jafferhttp://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/Color/Dictionaries
MagCloud reference magazine, available fromhttp://magcloud.com/browse/Issue/2344
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Summary
There are applications requiring a color thesaurusCurrent solutions are not adequateWe have a promising early solution that scales well
OutlookResearch is required to tile the color space and build a truethesaurusEventually, the tool should be so robust we can run it for alanguage none of us speaks
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Acknowledgments
We are indebted to Prof. Lucia R. Ronchi of the FondazioneGiorgio Ronchi in Florence for many fruitful discussions and forcompiling the book on Color and Language
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
IntroductionPrevious Work
Our Results & ContributionSummary
Questions and Discussion
mailto:giordano.beretta@hp.comhttp://www.hp.com/blogs/mostly_colorhttp://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Giordano_Beretta/
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
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