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America on the World Stage
1899 - 1909
“Little Brown Brothers” Filipinos assumed they would be granted
their independence like Cuba Senate refused
Feb. 4, 1899 Insurrection led by Emilio Aguinaldo Filipinos were defeated & resorted to
guerilla warfare• US used torture & camps
1901 – Aguinaldo was captured
“Benevolent Assimilation” Philippine Commission 1899
Established by McKinley William Howard Taft – head Goal was to make appropriate
recommendations Improved roads, sanitation,
public health, & schools Ill received
Philippines will receive their independence on July 4, 1946
John Hay Defends China China
Defeated by Japan 1894 – 1895 Russia & Germany moved in
• Tore away valuable leaseholds & economic spheres of influence
American• churches worried about missionaries• Business feared European monopolies on Chinese goods
Sec of State John Hay proposed the Open Door Policy
Open Door Policy
1899 – John Hay sent Open Door Note Sent to all great powers Urged countries to announce that in their
dealings, they would respect certain Chinese rights & the ideal of fair competition
Eventually all nations agree with the exception of Russia
Hay proclaimed that Open Door Policy is in effect
Problems with the Open Door
1900 – Boxer Rebellion in China Over 200 missionaries & whites killed 18,000 multinational soldiers were sent
& stopped the rebellion• Japan, Russia, Great Britain, France, Germany, & US
Hay feared that the rebellion would be used to justify carving up China 1900 – expanded policy to include
territorial integrity in addition to its commercial integrity
• Did not ask for formal acceptance
Presidential Election 1900 Republicans – McKinley
Platform – prosperity, gold standard, & overseas expansion
VP – Theodore Roosevelt• Gov of NY but political bosses wanted him out
Democrats – Bryan Platform – anti-imperialism
Campaign Approach
McKinley – front-porch Bryan & TR traveled & campaigned
McKinley won easily Prosperity at home seemed more important than
freedom aboard Election was not a mandate for or
against imperialism For or against McKinley & Bryan Mandate for prosperity & protection
TR becomes President Sept. 1901 - McKinley is assassinated
By a deranged anarchist TR became youngest president
Claimed he would carry on the politics of McKinley
TR as President “Speak softly and carry a big stick” Outspoken moralizer & reformer Master politician Beliefs:
No respect for checks & balances Constitution was too rigid President should lead Felt he may take any action in the general
interest that was not specifically forbidden by the laws of the constitution
The Need for a Canal TR understood the outside world more than
his predecessors War established the need for a canal
USS Oregon – had to travel all the way around South America
Canal would increase naval mobility Make defense of new territories easier
Canal Plans Clayton-Bulwer Treaty – 1850
Agreement with Great Britain that US would not control such a route
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty – 1901 Agreed to by Great Britain, US could build &
fortify a canal Where?
Nicaragua Panama
Nicaragua v. Panama
French Canal Company – started building canal but had to stop Wanted US to continue where they left off
New Panama Canal Company –led by Philippe Bunau-Varilla Dropped the price of the land from
$109 million to $40 million Congress was concerned about
volcanoes in Nicaragua Hanna argued in Congress for Panama
Congress accepted June 1902
Problems in Panama Treaty was negotiated between US &
Colombia Granted use of 6 mile canal zone $10 million & $250,000 annually
Treaty was rejected by Colombia TR was running for office in 1904
Wanted to start building before election
Panama Revolution Nov. 3, 1903
Panamanians wanted the canal Counted on the prosperity to come
Bunau-Varilla raised a “patriot” army Made up of fire departments & Colombian troops
that had been paid $100,000 Colombian troops were ready to attack
US naval forces would not let them cross the isthmus
TR justified actions based on former treaty(1846) to maintain “perfect neutrality” of the isthmus
Sealing the Deal TR quickly moved to recognize Panama Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
Signed by US & Panama Price remained the same, zone
increased to 10 miles “Rape of Panama”
Resulted in a downward turn in relations with Latin America
“Big Brother” Policy had begun
Completing the Canal Difficulties
Labor troubles Landslides Sanitation
Colonel George Washington Goethals Helped with
organization
Colonel William C. Gorgas Helped made canal
zone safe from yellow fever
Canal completed in 1914 $400 million
TR’s Perversion of Monroe’s Doctrine
Latin American countries defaulted on their payments to
European creditors Particularly Venezuela & the Dominican Republic 1903 - Germany attacked Venezuelan gunboats
& a town TR feared that Germany & Great Britain
might remain in Latin America Violation of Monroe Doctrine
Roosevelt Corollary In the future, if Latin American countries
defaulted on their loans, the US would intervene take over customhouses, pay off the debts, and
keep the troublesome powers on the other side of the Atlantic
Monroe Doctrine “Thou shall not intervene.”
Roosevelt Corollary “We shall intervene to prevent you
from intervening.”
Colossus of the North 1905 – US took over
tariff collections in the Dominican Republic DR were not happy
with the interference
1906 – US Marines sent to Cuba to stop disorder Stayed until 1909
Started “Bad Neighbor” policy
TR on the World Stage
Russo-Japanese War – 1904 Russia was trying to take ports in Manchuria,
China – Port Arthur Japanese attacked Russia at Port Arthur Japanese eventually asked US for help
Portsmouth, NH – 1905 TR helped Russia & Japan work out an
agreement • Japanese receive no money & some land
1906 – TR receives the Nobel Peace Prize
Results of Russo-Japanese War
Relationship among US, Japan & Russia soured
Numerous Japanese laborers moved to California 1906 – 70,000 lived around the Pacific coast
1906 – Japanese were sent to special schools Gentlemen’s Agreement – 1907-1908
CA repealed the school order Japanese agreed to stop the flow of immigrants
The Great White Fleet 1907 – TR sent 16 battleships on a cruise
around the world Goal was to impress the Japanese & the world TR believed this to be his most important
contribution to peace 1908 - Root-Takahira Agreement
US & Japan pledged to respect each other’s territorial possessions in the Pacific & to uphold the Open Door Policy
The Great White Fleet
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