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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN
Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia
(MASSA) Research Unit
Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)
BUILDING SCIENCE 1 [ARC 2412]
Project 1: Human Perception of Comfort Level
Name Student ID
Wong Soon Fook 0302953
Ling Teck Ong 0303127
Poh Wei Keat 0303646
Lee Pui Yee 0312847
Chuah Chu Ying 0303269
Table of Content
No. Topic Page
1.0
Summary 1
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
Introduction
General Purpose
Location of Site
Orthographic Drawings
2
3
4
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
Methodology
Temperature and Relative Humidity
Wind Analysis
Sun Analysis
6
6
6
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
Result and Analysis
(Temperature VS Relative Humidity)
Outdoor Factor
Indoor Factor
Bioclimatic Chart
7
8
12
5.0
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.4
5.5
Analysis and Discussion
Site Analysis
Macro Climate
Micro Climate and Site Environment
Sun Analysis
Sun Path
Ecotect Analysis
Solar Radiation
Shading
Wind Analysis
Wind Rose Diagram
Site Vegetation
Ventilation
Human Activities
Materials
14
15
16
16
17
19
20
21
22
24
25
27
28
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Improvise
Building Design Standard
Shading
Ventilation
Materials
30
30
31
32
7.0 Conclusion
33
8.0 References 34
9.0
Appendix 35-36
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1.0 Summary
Initially, we fulfil the aim of this particular research in a group of 5. Site location is
required in implementing the study according to the human perception of comfort
level. Nevertheless, we have chosen 174P, Jalan SS15/8, My Place Apartment,
Subang Jaya, 47500 Wilayah Persekutuan as our site.
We used data logger to collect a series of readings for the temperature and
humidity of indoor and outdoor spaces as first step for our research. After getting all
the data required ready, we used these data collected to plot charts and fulfil the
requirements of this project which included identify and define the principles of heat
transfer in relation to building and people, understand what is thermal comfort and
discuss factors relating to thermal comfort, analyse the effect of thermal comfort
factors in a person and in a spaceand criticize design of the space in terms of
thermal comfort by referring to MS1525 and UBBL.
The tropical climate in Malaysia is consistently hot and humid throughout the year
where thermal comfort zone is between 27.6 to 32.1°C and the relative humidity of
thermal comfort is varied from lowest 60% to the highest 75%.
In a nut shell, there are more pros than cons via the objective of the study as we
could understand the procedures of building design’s effects in relation to not only
human comfort level but also quality of space. On the other hand, we also studied
the issues which are vital and greatly affect the quality of space which
encompassing influences of site context, sun path direction, ventilation, types of
insulator and building materials. All these factors are taken into account as they
considered as prior in designing future buildings which suits human comfort and also
blended with our beautiful Mother Nature.
2 | P a g e
2.0 Introduction
2.1 General Purpose of the Study
The main objective of this project is to make us understand more about the term of
human perception of comfort level. Firstly, we have to determine and interpret the
laws of heat transfer in regarding to the building and human beings. Heat transfer,
also known as heat flow or heat exchange, typically classifying into various
mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation,
and transfer of energy by phase changes.
In addition, we are required to define and understand the meaning of thermal
comfort and discuss the 6 main factors related to thermal comfort, these included
air temperature, radiant temperature, air velocity, air evaporation, clothing and
metabolic heat, affecting thermal comfort which are both environmental and
personal to each other, but these factors may be independent or have connection
within one another in order to contribute to an individual’s thermal comfort.
Besides, we need to analyse how can thermal comfort factors affect a person or a
space. We are able to understand the causes and effects of six basic thermal
comfort factors and think of the possible solutions to further improve thermal comfort
problems in future designs.
Last but not least, we are able to learn on how to criticize the design of a space in
terms of thermal comfort by referring to MS1525 and UBBL. We get to know the
effects of insulation, thermal mass and air movement on the thermal performance of
buildings.
In the end of the research, we are able to identify environmental conditions relate to
the site conditions and climate and deduce how different type of building materials
(u-value, r-value) have different effects on heat gaining or thermal environment in a
given space.
3 | P a g e
2.2 Location of the Site
Diagram 2.1 Site Plan
174P, Jalan SS15/8, My Place Apartment, Subang Jaya, 47500 Wilayah Persekutuan
The particular site is situated at Subang Jaya SS15.It is located opposite the Taylor’s
College Subang Jaya and Inti College. Eastern region of the site consists of shop lots
and restaurant. Moreover, the western of the site also have many rows of shop lots.
SS15 is a hustle and bustle place with high population of people living there. The
peak hour of the area is around 12pm to 2pm in the afternoon and 5pm to 7pm in
the evening. The site is planted with lots of plants to promote air ventilation and a
swimming pool for the resident use.
4 | P a g e
2.3 Orthographic Drawings
Living room
Kitchen
Bedroom 1
Bedroom 2
Toilet
Co
rrid
or
Diagram 2.2 Floor Plan Scale 1:100
Diagram 2.3 South Elevation Scale 1:100
5 | P a g e
Diagram 2.5 Cross Section Scale 1:100
Diagram 2.4 East Elevation Scale 1:100
6 | P a g e
3.0 Methodology
The particular area we chosen to collect our data was the living room as shown in
the floor plan (Diagram 2.2). We use different equipment and resources to obtain
the data we wanted. There are 4 main environmental factors that influence the
thermal comfort:
Factors of thermal comfort Equipment and resources
used to analyse
- Indoor temperature and Relative Humidity
To determine the indoor temperature and relative
humidity we need to use the data logger, LUTRON LUT
0176 HT-3007 SD (Figure 3.1) which was provided to
collect data of temperature and humidity of our site
for 3 consecutive days which were 7,8,9 September
2013.
Variables
Controlled variable Living room in MyPlace
apartment
72 hours’ time
Manipulated variable Weather change
Thermal effect
Responding variable Data collected
After data collection, it eases the identification of air
temperature and relative humidity that corresponds to
outcome of thermal comfort changes and weather
condition changes.
Figure 3 Data Logger
Outdoor temperature and Relative Humidity
Source from:
http://www.timeanddate.
com/weather/malaysia/ku
ala-lumpur
Wind Analysis
Wind Rose Diagram
Sun Analysis Sun Path Diagram
7 | P a g e
4.0 Result and Analysis
The results of indoor data is collected using a Temperature and Relative Humidity
Data recorded for duration of 3 days from 7th -9th April. Data is logged on an hourly
interval for 72 hours.
4.1 Outdoor Factor
Part A:
The exterior relative humidity reached its maximum state and the exterior
temperature is low at 9 September 2013 from 4pm to 6pm because of the light rain
and the weather mostly cloudy and less-windy. Because of the less-windy weather,
more air and water are saturated in the exterior, hence increasing in the humidity.
The light rain also decreased the exterior temperature. Exterior temperature is simply
the temparature of the air without the content of moisture, hence it remains
unaffective by the humidity. On that particular period, the interior relative humidity is
high and the interior temperature is low. The opened window brings in the cold
breeze from exterior into the room and the placement of window is faced to the
wind flow. Hence, in this result, the external factors has influence on the interior
factors. Furthermore, there are also no activity done which involved the electrical
appliances that release heat.
Diagram 4.1 Meteorological Line
Graph
8 | P a g e
Part B:
The sudden drop of exterior relative humidity and sudden increase of exterior
temperature is caused by the change of weather to broken clouds and sunny with
wind flow of 11km/h. Hot air caused the rise in exterior temperature whereas wind
flow caused evaporation, resulting in low relative humidity. The interior temperature
is higher and relative humidity is lower as seen from the graph. The exterior factors do
affect the interior outcomes. The opened window will cause hot air to the interior
which cause evaporation to take place and eventually lead to low relative humidity.
The broken clouds will let higher amount of sunlight to enter the room, causing heat
radiation, hence the high internal temperature. At around 3pm, the user is using
computer and this also cause the interior temperature become higher.
4.2 Indoor Factor
The result of the indoor factors which affects the maximum / minimum dry bulb
temperature and maximum / minimum relative humidity.
1st (Maximum Temperature & Minimum Relative Humidity)
Date Time Light Window People Fan
Interior
Temperature
(° C)
Interior
Relative
Humidity
(%)
Electrical
Appliances
7/9/13 15:00 On Off Yes Off 30.6 61.1 On
Fluorescent light that is turned on in the room will cause heat radiation.
The fan that is turned off and thus there will be no air flowing around the room.
The existence of one occupant will not contribute as much heat radiation but the
large amount of time spent will somehow increase the humidity and decrease the
temperature due to continuous exhalation.
The usage of electrical appliances (computer) will contribute to internal heat
radiation as the electrical appliance emits heat.
9 | P a g e
1st day (Minimum Temperature & Maximum Relative Humidity)
Date Time Light Window People Fan
Interior
Temperature
(° C)
Interior
Relative
Humidity
(%)
Electrical
Appliances
7/9/13 21:00 Off Open No On 28.1 72.6 Off
Fluorescent light that is turned off in the room will not cause heat radiation, hence
reduces the temperature of the room.
The fan that is turned on will increase wind movement and evaporation, responsible
for the high relative humidity.
There are no occupant therefore will not contribute any heat radiation.
The non-usage of electrical appliances (computer) will not contribute to any internal
heat radiation, decreasing the room temperature.
2nd day (Maximum Temperature & Minimum Relative Humidity)
Date Time Light Window People Fan
Interior
Temperature
(° C)
Interior
Relative
Humidity
(%)
Electrical
Appliances
8/9/13 14:00 On Open Yes On 30.8 57.1 On
Fluorescent light that is turned on in the room will cause heat radiation.
Opened window and fan will increase cross ventilation and evaporation, responsible
for the low relative humidity.
The existence of one occupant will not contribute as much heat radiation but the
large amount of time spent will somehow increase the humidity and decrease the
temperature due to continuous exhalation.
The usage of electrical appliances (computer) will contribute to any internal heat
radiation, increasing the dry bulb temperature.
10 | P a g e
2nd day (Minimum Temperature & Minimum Relative Humidity)
Date Time Light Window People Fan
Interior
Temperature
(° C)
Interior
Relative
Humidity
(%)
Electrical
Appliances
8/9/13 8:00 Off Open Yes On 28.4 67.7 On
Fluorescent light that is turned off in the room will cause heat radiation.
The opened window and the fan that is turned on will create wind movement,
providing certain level of comfort for the occupant.
The existence of one occupant will not contribute as much heat radiation but the
large amount of time spent will somehow increase the humidity and decrease the
temperature due to continuous exhalation. This effect is also more obvious in a
smaller room.
The non-usage of electrical appliances (computer) will not contribute to any internal
heat radiation.
3rd day (Maximum Temperature & Minimum Relative Humidity)
Date Time Light Window People Fan
Interior
Temperature
(° C)
Interior
Relative
Humidity
(%)
Electrical
Appliances
9/9/13 15:00 On Open Yes On 30.0 64.7 On
Fluorescent light that is turned on in the room will cause heat radiation.
Opened window and fan will increase cross ventilation and evaporation, responsible
for the low relative humidity.
The existence of one occupant will not contribute as much heat radiation but the
large amount of time spent will somehow increase the humidity and decrease the
temperature due to continuous exhalation. This effect is also more obvious in a
smaller room.
The usage of electrical appliances (computer) will contribute to any internal heat
radiation, increasing the dry bulb temperature.
11 | P a g e
3rd day (Minimum Temperature & Maximum Relative Humidity)
Date Time Light Window People Fan
Interior
Tempera
ture (° C)
Interior
Relative
Humidity
(%)
Electrical
Appliances
9/9/13 8:00 Off Open Yes On 26.8 77.2 Off
Fluorescent light that is turned off in the room will reduce heat radiation.
The opened window and the fan that is turned on will create wind movement,
providing certain level of comfort for the occupant.
The existence of one occupant will not contribute as much heat radiation but the
large amount of time spent will somehow increase the humidity and decrease the
temperature due to continuous exhalation. This effect is also more obvious in a
smaller room.
The non-usage of electrical appliances (computer) will not contribute to any internal
heat radiation.
12 | P a g e
4.3 Bioclimatic Chart
Diagram 4.2 Bioclimatic Chart
A bioclimatic chart is a preliminary analysis tool used during the early planning
stages of a building project, to get a sense for the heating and cooling requirements
for your building site. The two points in the graph are plotted by pairing the average
maximum temperature with average minimum relative humidity and the average
minimum temperature with the average maximum relative humidity. The position of
the two points will determine the comfort level of the place. Different places have
their different comfort zone according to the climate and Malaysia comfort zone is
around 20 to 30 temperature and 50 to 80% of air humidity. If a point falls in the
comfort zone, it is a nice habitable space; if a point falls below the comfort zone, the
place is under-heating; if a point falls above the comfort zone, the place is over-
heating.
13 | P a g e
The result of the analysis of our site where the two points are plotted as shown in the
figure:-
i) Average maximum dry bulb temperature: 30.5° C, Average minimum humidity: 61%
ii) Average minimum dry bulb temperature: 27.8° C, Average maximum humidity:
72.5%
Both the points plotted are out of the comfort zone. They are above the comfort
zone which means this room has higher dry bulb temperature and relative humidity.
The room needs more ventilation to cool it down to achieve the comfort zone.
This is probably due to the location of the window that is opposite to the wind
direction, causing less wind to enter the room and lowering the chance of cross
ventilation. Being surrounded by trees, it will also lower the cross ventilation because
the wind flow are partially blocked by the trees. Less wind entering the room means
less thermal mass cooling is happening in the room. Cross ventilation is very
important in order to dissipate the heat in the interior and to reduce the humidity of
interior spaces.
The type of window used is casement window which has 90° large opening. If it is
located at the same direction as the wind flow, it will probably cause a different
outcome in the bioclimatic chart. The points plotted will be nearer or inside the
comfort zone, making it a more habitable space.
The door is closed most of the time which will decrease the cross ventilation. Warm
air stay in the room because it could not cross ventilate to the other areas through
the door.
The size of the room is small in general. Any heat radiation caused by electrical
appliances, fluorescent light and human activities will have greater impact in the
room.
The sunlight enters the room through the window that is comparatively large to the
size of the room. The area of the space hit by sunlight is therefore larger area.
14 | P a g e
5.0 Analysis and Discussion
5.1 Site Analysis
5.1.1 Macro Climate
Figure 5.1 World Map of Climate Classification
As shown as diagram above, Malaysia situated in the tropical area, it is extremely
rare to have a full day with completely clear sky even during periods of severe
drought. The characteristic features of the climate of Malaysia are uniform
temperature, high humidity and copious rainfall. Winds are generally light. On the
other hand, it is also rare to have a stretch of a few days with completely no
sunshine except during the northeast monsoon seasons. The main variable of
Malaysia climate is not temperature or air pressure, but rainfall. In general, the
climate of Malaysia can be described as typical tropical climate.
Malaysia has extreme variations in rainfall that are linked with the monsoons.
Generally speaking, there is a dry season (June to September), and a rainy season
(December to March). Western and northern parts of Malaysia experience the most
precipitation, since the north- and westward-moving monsoon clouds are heavy
with moisture by the time they reach these more distant regions.
15 | P a g e
5.1.2 Micro Climate and Site Environment
Diagram 5.1 Site Plan shows Site Environment
Our decided research’s site is addressed as Jalan SS 15/4 Subang Jaya, 46150
Petaling Jaya, Selangor. The particular site is located in a private residential area
which near to Taylors’ College Subang Jaya. Eastern region of the site consists of
shop lots, college and university. Moreover, the traffic jam is always occurs among
the road in front of university and college. The peak traffic is approximately 8a.m.-
10a.m., 12p.m.-2p.m. and 6p.m.-8p.m. The high frequency of vehicles’ to and from
along the road drastically influences the thermal condition among the site as the
pass by vehicles’ releasing the heat sources as well as increasing the heat average
around the region. The trees around the Asia Café not far away from the site might
inadvertently acts as cooling system among the site.
16 | P a g e
The unforeseen wind direction and wind speed play an important role on affecting
the thermal condition of site too. Furthermore, in the early morning, in spite of old
folks’ jogging around the area, to and fro of Taylorians and Inti-ans along the path
near to the site also contributed the heat sources which act as thermal factor
towards the site.
Moreover, the newly build 5-star apartment is still under construction will also affect
the site. The uses of construction machinery around the site release an amount of
carbon monoxide that increases the temperature directly.
5.2 Sun analysis
The sun’s position during the day is important to site planning, daylight design,
passive solar design and controlling unwanted heat gain. It is also important when
considering the relationship between the environment and technology in the design
of building.
5.2.1 Sun path
Diagram 5.2 Site plan with Sun Path
17 | P a g e
The room is located in the north-east side where the heat or solar observation would
be the more during the early morning hours of the day. In the afternoon, when the
sun starts moving towards the west the room will less heat however there are so
vegetation around might provide some air refreshment.
5.2.2 Ecotect Analysis
On 7th, 8th and 9th of April 2013, at 9 am, 1 pm and 5pm the sun path been examined
in Ecotect analysis.
Diagram 5.3 Sun path at 9am
At 9am in the morning as the sun is rising at the east side, the western side of
buildings on the site is shaded. Since our particular room is located facing the
north east, it receives more direct sunlight than others room. However, there is
direct sunlight into the building, but our selected room was not so hot in the
morning compare to the room at first floor just above our selected room, it is
because the room we had chosen was at the top floor and there is covered
by ceramic roof.
18 | P a g e
Diagram 5.4 Sun path at 1pm
At 1pm in the afternoon, the sun is almost vertically straight on the sky and the
angle of solar ray falls with minimum degree there will be very less shadow
around buildings of the site. Therefore the heat gain, because there is no
shading and the material of the transparent roof will gain more heat in to the
room.
Diagram 5.5 Sun path at 5pm
At 5pm in the evening, the sun has changed its location moving towards the
west. Therefore the north west side of buildings in the site will observe more
heat. As our particular room is located on the north east side, therefore our
room will not have much direct sunlight in to the room and it might be cooler
and morning because the sun set.
19 | P a g e
5.2.3 Solar Radiation
Solar radiation is the heat and light energies given off by the sun in all directions in
the form of electromagnetic waves with different wavelengths. Solar radiation can
affect the thermal performance of a building by transmitting heat directly to a
surface of a certain element or material or through an opening and therefore
affecting the indoor temperature. The case study is affected by glare and heat from
the sun, it is because of the glass sliding door which is connected with the balcony
that would penetrate glare and very much of direct sunlight into its space in order to
brighten up the living room and at the same time increase the temperature of the
room. Adding curtain helps to block out much of the solar radiation. The balcony
which is covered by the zinc roof also helps to restrict very much solar radiation
during midday and also used as a shading devices. The east facing sliding door is
the only opening in the living room and thus this surface would receive the much
solar radiation during midday and more heat is transmitted into the space.
20 | P a g e
Diagram 5.6 Solar Radiations
Due to the orientation of the windows facing east and it is the only wall facing
outside, therefore direct sunlight into the space is at its maximal, causing the area to
have sufficient amount of light entering the entire living room thus artificial lighting is
not required at most of the time.
5.2.4 Shading
Shading devices are an efficient tool to create thermal comfort of a useable area. It
also can prevent from direct sunlight, solar radiation, visual glare and temperature of
the space. The additional zinc and transparent roof that above the window create
most of the shading, helps to prevent mostly overhang direct sunlight and solar
radiation, rain resistant to protect the interior spaces when the windows was opened.
Curtain also helps to create the internal shading to block the solar radiation and
reduce the heat in room.
21 | P a g e
Rain
Diagram 5.7 Shading Devices
5.3 Wind analysis
5.3.1 Wind rose diagram
Month of year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Average wind speed 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 4 5 4 4
Dominant
Wind
direction
SW SW SW NNE N NNW NNW NNW NNW NNE SE SW
Ceramic tiles Hip and Valley Roof
-Provide shading
-Provide cover for raining
Curtain walls
-Create an internal shading to reduce some
solar radiation and internal temperature
22 | P a g e
Diagram 5.8 Wind Rose Diagram
The given chart shown above demonstrates the velocity of air movement
across the pedestrian and helps to cool the pedestrian provided it is higher
than the environment. Air velocity is one of the main factors for thermal
comfort because of the human’s sensitive stimulations to the surrounding
temperature. People will feel uncomfortable as if the stagnant air in indoor
environment is not well- ventilated. It may also lead to a build-up indoor.
More heat is lost through a mechanism known as convection without any
changes in air temperature when air is moving in a warm and humid
environment. In a cooler environment, the velocity of air movement is low,
and thus, the space is dry. Convective heat loss increase when the air
temperature is less than skin temperature. Air movement will be affected by
the human physical activities. Human physical activities will increase the air
movement and therefore the air velocity and human physical activities are
both dependent variables to one another.
The opening will affect the ventilation of a room. The higher the air velocity,
the more the ventilation in the room. The openness leads a room to get the
air from the outside and thus increase the air velocity in the room. The
temperature of the room will be lower while the humidity higher when there is
good ventilation in a room. Thus, the more the opening in a room, the higher
the air velocity in a room.
23 | P a g e
Diagram 5.9 Site Plan with September Wind Frequency Diagram
Wind rose diagram used for analysing the wind speed and direction of wind in a
particular place. The above wind rose diagram is based on 3 days span (7
September 2013 to 10 September 2013). By analysing the diagram, the strongest
winds come from east direction, with the speed of 19km/hr but it has the least
frequency. From the diagram above, it shows that S had the most frequency of wind,
while the supporting wind came from SSW, SSE. The wind flows in the site from south
to north direction.
Figure 5.10 Wind flow to the site
Wind Flow
24 | P a g e
Figure 5.11 Site Section Wind Flow
As shown in the site section, the wind flows from west to east direction. The wind
cannot reach the room selected because it is located in the opposite side of wind
direction. There are a lot of tall trees located behind the building. The trees reduce
the speed of the wind which also partially blocked the wind from flowing into the
building.
5.3.2 Site Vegetation
Figure 5.12 Site Vegetation
Direction of Wind Flow
25 | P a g e
Figure 5.13 Cross ventilation
5.3.3 Ventilation
Ventilation which is the fresh air circulation happens in a room or building. Human
comfort can be affected by ventilation as good ventilation of a room helps to
reduce heat through evaporation. The natural ventilation and simulated ventilation
are considers as the types of ventilation.
Figure 5.14 Single sided ventilation
26 | P a g e
Natural ventilation
Natural ventilation can be defined when the air in a space is changed with outdoor
air without the use of fan and air-conditioning system. Most of the ventilation is
assured through operable windows or doors. The windows are opened most of the
time to allow the natural ventilation occurs efficiently in a room. The room is located
in the front part of the house which is in opposite side of the wind direction, therefore,
it will be only little amount of wind flow for the ventilation to occur. The door is closed
all the time which does not allow cross ventilation to occur.
Cross ventilation happens when the windows and the door are opened and in the
same time and creating a current of air across the room. Single sided ventilation
happens when there is only windows are opened in the room but it is not well-
organized ventilation enough because of the low rate of the wind speed.
Mechanical ventilation
Figure 5.12 Ventilation by fan
Mechanical ventilation occurs when a direct provision of air into the space by using
appliances such as fan and air-conditioning. Mechanical ventilation circulates the
air in the space to create a flow of wind. The air flow rate in the room can be
increased by the mechanical appliances such as fan and air-conditioning. There
was only the fan was using throughout the case study. The ventilation is supplied by
only using the fan and it helps to decreases the humidity and lowers the
temperature of the air it cycles to provide a more comfortable condition.
100%
27 | P a g e
Figure 5.13 Heat loss and heat gain
5.4 Human activities
The temperature and humidity of an indoor space can be affected by the Human
activities. Human metabolism generates heat together with thermoregulation
increase the humidity and temperature by evaporation, perspiration, convection,
conduction and radiation. The use of appliances in indoor spaces will affect the
thermal condition in the room. Because those appliances will generate the heat to
the surrounding thus this will increase the temperature in the room. Body shape is
also one of the factors that will affect thermal condition of the room because the
heat dissipation depends on body surface area. A short and fat person can’t
tolerate higher temperature and dissipate heat slowly. The amount of changes in
the temperature will be affected by the sizes of the space which human activities
occur.
Based on the case study, the user stays at the living room to rest, study and watch
television. These activities will affect the room temperature directly. The light bulb
produces light which also produce heat to the surrounding. However, the ceiling will
provide ventilation inside the room although it itself will generate a low amount of
heat.
Heat emits by electrical appliances
Heat generates through human metabolism
Heat transfer to surrounding through radiation
Perspiration transfer heat and humidity to surrounding
Convection of body heat by wind
28 | P a g e
5.5 Materials
Figure 5.15 Materials in the room
Ceramic Tiles
The whole room is covered with ceramic white shinny ceramic
tiles with smooth polish. Ceramic tiles have a medium thermal
conductivity for indoor flooring which are different from outdoor
ceramic tiles. Most of the heat absorb by the ceramic tiles are
not from direct sunlight but form the wall and the earth of the
ground. Heat is also absorbed from the electronic application
and human activities generated in the room.
Wall
The wall is made up of clay brick with cement plaster and mortar. The north wall is
highlighted with red blocks emits more heat compare to the other direction of the
wall. This is due to the direct heat transfer from the outdoor and some direct sunlight.
The north wall experience most heat transfer especially from the noon until late
evening. Thus the wall is heated up and it provides warm in the room during the
night. This result can be seen in the graph where the temperature of the room
remains high as the wall is slowly releasing the heat during the night. We can
conclude that the wall provides an even heat distribution throughout the day and
night where there is no spike in temperature or drastic decreases in temperature.
Figure 5.16
Ceramic Tile
29 | P a g e
Windows
The glass panel of the window is made up from low-e
glass with black tint. The glass windows protect the
furniture and health of the people inside the house
form ultra violet rays. Low-e glass doesn’t eliminate
the thermal heat 100 percent from the outdoor but it
can help to reduce the heat. It is quite an effective
way to keep the room cool during the day with the
help of louvers outside the room. It also helps to keep
the glare of the sunlight low even without curtain.
Curtains (internal shading)
Lined curtain is installed for internal shading to
block direct sunlight and glare into the room.
Curtain is a good control of letting natural lights
and blocking it. But it doesn’t control the heat
thermal from the outdoor to the indoor of the
room during the day. By changing the type of
curtain to sun block curtains can provides
better thermal insulation inside the room
whether in day or night.
Roof
A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a
building. A roof protects the building and its contents
from the effects of weather and the invasion of
animals. Structures that require roofs range from a
letter box to a cathedral or stadium, dwellings being
the most numerous. Roof is also an effective heat
insulator that reflects away the sunlight and reduces
the temperature of the interior.
Figure 5.18 Curtains
Figure 5.17 Windows
Figure 5.19 Roof
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6.0 Improvise
6.1 Building Design Standards
The analysis of case study design standards will be according to the Malaysia
Uniform Building By-Law 1984 and the Malaysia Standard 1525:2007 which is a code
of practice on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy for non-residential
buildings. Besides that, it also defines green buildings by establishing a common
language and standard of measurement to make buildings and the built
environment contribute significantly to reduce its negative impact on the
environment.
In 1990, the Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 was modified to a set of guidelines given
by local authorities to ensure a design of a building that integrates to safety, energy
efficiency and comfort of the occupants and the surrounding activities. The building
design standards vary from different climatic regions because different designs
standards are set to respond to a specific climate and surrounding.
6.2 Shading
Since the excessive shading of the building, causes inadequate natural light. As a
result, artificial lights are open usually, increase the use of electricity and increase
indoor temperature.
According to MS 1525, our case study have carry out some of the requirement,
which are, orientate the largest wall areas in the north-south direction and shade
east-west facing walls with large roof overhangs. Besides large roof, trees also
provide shading to the building. Some trees are not enough higher to shade the
higher level of the apartment but provides ventilation.
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6.3 Ventilation
Wind generates complex pressure distributions on buildings, particularly in urban
environments. This assists ventilation, provided that openings are well distributed and
flow paths within the building are available.
Wind-induced ventilation uses pressures generated on the building by the wind, to
drive air through openings in the building. It is most commonly realised as cross-
ventilation, where air enters on one side of the building, and leaves on the opposite
side, but can also drive single sided ventilation, and vertical ventilation flows. Cross
ventilation works by taking advantage of high and low pressure zones created by
wind to draw fresh air through a building. Breezes enter through a window or vent,
bringing fresh air, while the pressure difference on both sides of the building pulls
stale air out an opening in the other side.
Wind speed and direction is very variable. Openings must be controllable to cover
the wide range of required ventilation rates and the wide range of wind speeds. The
more the opening area is distributed, the more likely it is that there will be a pressure
difference between openings to drive the flow. For cross-ventilation, bear in mind
that the leeward space will have air that has picked up heat or pollution from the
windward space. This may limit the depth of plan for cross-ventilation. If windows are
used, consideration must be given to their controllability and ergonomic design, and
the effect of air flows to the immediately adjacent occupants. So, more windows
should be added to increase the airflow into the building. It allows the whole room
area being ventilated and increases the thermal comfort of the user.
Figure 6.1 Large roof overhang Figure 6.2 Tree
provide shade
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6.4.1 Before applying 6.4.2 After applying glazed windows
6.4 Materials
The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers
(ASHRAE) provide R-values of building materials in their 1997 Handbook of
Fundamentals. Each material has their different R-value. The R-values for specific
assemblies like doors and glazing are generalizations because they can vary
significantly based on special materials that the manufacturer uses. Double-glazing
windows are double glass window panes separated by an air or other gas filled
space to reduce heat transfer across a part of the building envelope. A 1.25 inch
thickness of double pane insulating glass has 2.04 R-value. Since the sunlight irradiate
directly to the corridor, it increase the temperature of the space. So, install double-
glazing windows can reduce heat loss and trap cool air inside the room. Air gap
between double-glazing reduces heat transfer because air is a poor conductor.
According to MS 1525, infiltration cold air losses at junctions of different materials
especially between roof joist and exterior walls. Thus, same or similar materials should
be applied on roof, walls or floors of the building.
6.4.1 U value of the glazing glass 6.4.2 Double-glazing window
system
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7.0 Conclusion
Chart 7.1 Bioclimatic chart with average Temperature and RH
The above bioclimatic chart shows the average of temperature and relative
humidity throughout the three days being plotted as point X. At. Point X, the air has a
temperature of 29.15°C and a relative humidity of 66.75% where is outside the
thermal comfort zone. This proved that the room is hot and humid because lack of
ventilation.
Based on the bioclimatic chart, the average dry bulb temperature and relative
humidity plotted shows that the case study does not provide a suitable thermal
comfort for the occupants. The result above shows that the temperature of the case
study is high and low humidity. Base on the analysis of the case study, a conclusion
has been made that the thermal performance of the case study is not sufficient to
provide a proper thermal comfort for the occupant.
The factor that affected the thermal performance of the case study is the users and
the electronic appliances. Therefore, heat is trapped inside the room and increase
the indoor temperature. Moreover, the position of our chosen site is the fifth floor of
an apartment that receives the most sunlight than other lower levels.
Lack of ventilation of the case study is caused by insufficient openings. The door is
closed all the time which does not allow cross ventilation to occur. Moreover, the
windows position is not match with the wind flow, so stack ventilation does not occur
because there are no air wells.
X
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8.0 References
1. Auliciems, A. & Szokolay, S.V. 1997. Thermal Comfort. Brisbane: The University of
Queensland Printery.
2. McMullan, R. 1998. Environmental Science in Buildings, 4th. ed. Basingstoke:
McMillan.
3. Szokolay S. (1982) Climatic Data and its use in Design RAIA Canberra
4. Excellent In Glazing. Retrieved 25 September 2013, from Macedon Range Glass
website:
http://www.macedonrangesglass.com.au/double-glazing/
5. Accent blinds. (n.d.), Choosing Curtains. 25 September 2013. From
http://www.accentblinds.com.au/curtains/curtain-types/
6. Boral Limited. (2002), Advantage of Bricks. 25 September 2013. From
http://www.boral.com.au/bricks/bricks-advantages.asp
7. BNP Media. (n.d.), Measuring Thermal Conductivity. 25 September 2013. From
http://www.ceramicindustry.com/articles/measuring-thermal-conductivity
8. Archtoolbox. (n.d.). R-values of Insulation. Retrieved 25 September 2013, from
website:
http://archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/thermal-moisture-protection/24-
rvalues.html
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9.0 Appendix
Date Time Temperature (°C) Humidity (%)
Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor
7/9/2013 2.00 pm 28.2 31 45.4 62
3.00 pm 30.6 31 61.1 62
4.00 pm 30.5 31 64.1 66
5.00 pm 30.6 27 65.4 79
6.00 pm 28.6 25 69.2 94
7.00 pm 29.0 26 74.3 94
8.00 pm 28.4 25 73.8 89
9.00 pm 28.1 25 71.5 89
10.00 pm 28.1 25 72.6 94
11.00 pm 28.4 25 72.2 94
8/9/2013 12.00 am 28.3 25 71.4 94
1.00 am 28.2 25 71.1 94
2.00 am 28.0 25 70.7 94
3.00 am 27.8 25 65.5 94
4.00 am 27.7 25 65.6 94
5.00 am 27.6 25 67.0 94
6.00 am 27.5 25 67.1 94
7.00 am 27.5 25 67.8 94
8.00 am 27.4 25 67.7 94
9.00 am 27.5 26 68.8 89
10.00 am 27.9 27 67.2 89
11.00 am 28.2 29 66.8 74
12.00 pm 29.3 29 63.6 90
1.00 pm 30.2 29 57.5 91
2.00 pm 30.8 29 57.1 91
3.00 pm 30.5 29 61.7 91
4.00 pm 28.4 29 68.4 91
5.00 pm 28.5 26 69.4 91
6.00 pm 28.5 25 69.6 94
7.00 pm 28.2 25 73.4 94
8.00 pm 28.1 25 73.7 94
9.00 pm 27.8 25 74.7 94
10.00 pm 28.2 25 72.6 94
11.00 pm 28.1 25 71.5 94
9/9/2013 12.00 am 27.9 25 74.5 94
1.00 am 27.8 25 71.0 94
2.00 am 27.7 25 70.7 94
3.00 am 27.5 25 71.7 94
4.00 am 27.4 24 71.1 100
5.00 am 27.3 24 70.7 100
36 | P a g e
6.00 am 27.2 24 69.3 100
7.00 am 27.1 24 70.1 94
8.00 am 26.8 24 77.2 100
9.00 am 26.8 26 80.1 89
10.00 am 27.4 27 76.0 79
11.00 am 27.7 27 74.3 84
12.00 pm 28.2 29 71.3 74
1.00 pm 28.9 29 67.3 74
2.00 pm 29.2 31 66.9 66
3.00 pm 30.0 30 64.7 75
4.00 pm 28.5 28 74.7 84
5.00 pm 28.7 28 73.4 79
6.00 pm 28.6 28 71.5 79
7.00 pm 28.0 24 73.5 94
8.00 pm 27.2 24 75.0 94
9.00 pm 27.1 24 74.3 94
10.00 pm 27.1 24 71.7 89
11.00 pm 27.3 24 66.6 94
10/9/2013 12.00 am 27.2 24 66.9 94
1.00 am 27.2 24 64.8 96
2.00 am 27.0 24 64.9 96
3.00 am 26.9 24 66.7 96
4.00 am 26.7 24 62.4 96
5.00 am 26.7 24 67.6 96
6.00 am 26.6 24 68.6 96
7.00 am 26.5 24 65.6 96
8.00 am 26.3 25 66.0 99
9.00 am 26.0 25 78.2 96
10.00 am 26.5 26 78.3 89
11.00 am 26.7 28 76.4 80
12.00 pm 26.8 28 76.1 77
1.00 pm 26.3 29 79.8 76
2.00 pm 26.5 29 75.3 75
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