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How to implement auxiliary verbs in HPSG.
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AUXILIARY VERBS
BASIC ANALYSIS OF AUXILIARY VERBS IN HPSG
Maria Cieschinger, Anton Flügge, Hannes Schulz, ClaudiaThiessen
University of Osnabrück, Department of Cognitive Science
Feb 1st , 2005
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 1 / 19
OUTLINE
1 FEATURES OF AUXILIARIES
2 AUXILIARIES IN HPSG
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 2 / 19
WHY ARE AUXILIARIES INTERESTING?
Most extensively analyzed, because:
In all languages (→ Universal Grammar)
Closed word class
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 3 / 19
WHAT ARE AUXILIARIES?
Express notions of
Time (will)
Necessity (must)
Possibility (could)
Obligation (should)
Permission (may)
. . .
HELPING WORDS
Be, do, have
MODALS
Can, could, may, might, must,shall, should, will, would
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 4 / 19
FEATURES OF AUXILIARIES
EXAMPLE: AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality
Determination of form offollowing verb
Precedence of non-aux verb
Possibility of coocurrence(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries ofgiven type
MORE EXAMPLES
Kim could have attended. . .
Kim could attend. . .
Kim attends. . .
* Kim could have being. . .
* Kim could have been attend. . .
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 5 / 19
FEATURES OF AUXILIARIES
EXAMPLE: AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality
Determination of form offollowing verb
Precedence of non-aux verb
Possibility of coocurrence(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries ofgiven type
MORE EXAMPLES
Kim could have attended. . .
Kim could attend_. . .
Kim attends. . .
* Kim could have being. . .
* Kim could have been attend. . .
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 5 / 19
FEATURES OF AUXILIARIES
EXAMPLE: AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality
Determination of form offollowing verb
Precedence of non-aux verb
Possibility of coocurrence(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries ofgiven type
MORE EXAMPLES
* Kim attending . . . could have.
* Kim could attending . . . been.
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 5 / 19
FEATURES OF AUXILIARIES
EXAMPLE: AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality
Determination of form offollowing verb
Precedence of non-aux verb
Possibility of coocurrence(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries ofgiven type
MORE EXAMPLES
* Kim have could been. . .
* Kim been have could. . .
* Kim could been have. . .
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 5 / 19
FEATURES OF AUXILIARIES
EXAMPLE: AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality
Determination of form offollowing verb
Precedence of non-aux verb
Possibility of coocurrence(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries ofgiven type
MORE EXAMPLES
* Kim could would have been. . .
* Kim could have had been. . .
* Kim could have been being. . .
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 5 / 19
CHOMSKY’S CFG
CFG-RULE EXAMPLE
S → NP AUX VP; AUX → (M)(PERF)(PROG)
Kim
NP
could
M
have
PERF
been
PROG
AUX
attending the reception
VP
S
Problem: No account for determination of form of following verb andnot compatible with HPSG structures.
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 6 / 19
FEATURES OF AUXILIARIES
EXAMPLE: AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality
Determination of form offollowing verb
Precedence of non-aux verb
Possibility of coocurrence(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries ofgiven type
MORE EXAMPLES
Kim could have attended. . .
Kim could attend. . .
Kim attends. . .
* Kim could have being. . .
* Kim could have been attend. . .
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 7 / 19
OPTIONALITY
ic-srv-lxm auxv-lxm
srv-lxm
verb-lxm
srv-lxm
ARG-ST
⟨
1 ,
SPR⟨
1
⟩
COMPS 〈〉
⟩
auxv-lxm
SYN[
HEAD[
AUX +]
]
But what about the following verbs form?
* Kim could have attending
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 8 / 19
OPTIONALITY
ic-srv-lxm auxv-lxm
srv-lxm
verb-lxm
srv-lxm
ARG-ST
⟨
1 ,
SPR⟨
1
⟩
COMPS 〈〉
⟩
auxv-lxm
SYN[
HEAD[
AUX +]
]
But what about the following verbs form?
* Kim could have attending
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 8 / 19
FEATURES OF AUXILIARIES
EXAMPLE: AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality
Determination of form offollowing verb
Precedence of non-aux verb
Possibility of coocurrence(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries ofgiven type
MORE EXAMPLES
Kim could have attended. . .
Kim could attend_. . .
Kim attends. . .
* Kim could have being. . .
* Kim could have been attend. . .
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 9 / 19
DETERMINATION OF FORM OF FOLLOWING VERB
Specification of complement VP in the lexical entry:
*
can,
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
auxv-lxmSYN [HEAD [FORM fin]]
ARG-ST
*
X,
2
6
6
6
6
6
4
SYN
2
6
6
4
HEAD
2
6
4
verbINF -FORM base
3
7
5
3
7
7
5
SEM [INDEX s2 ]
3
7
7
7
7
7
5
+
SEM
2
6
6
6
6
4
INDEX s1
RESTR
*
2
6
4
RELN canSIT s1ARG s2
3
7
5
+
3
7
7
7
7
5
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
+
*
have,
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
auxv-lxm
ARG-ST
*
X,
2
6
6
6
4
SYN
2
4HEAD
"
verbFORM psp
#
3
5
SEM [INDEX s2 ]
3
7
7
7
5
+
SEM
2
6
6
6
6
4
INDEX s1
RESTR
*
2
6
4
RELN haveSIT s1ARG s2
3
7
5
+
3
7
7
7
7
5
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
+
*
be,
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
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6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
auxv-lxm
SYN
2
6
6
6
6
6
4
HEAD
2
6
6
4
verbAUX +
AGR 0
3
7
7
5
VAL [SPR <[AGR 0 ]>]
3
7
7
7
7
7
5
ARG-ST
*
3 ,
2
6
6
6
6
6
4
SYN
2
6
6
4
HEAD [PRED +]
VAL
"
SPR < 3 >COMPS <>
#
3
7
7
5
SEM [INDEX s]
3
7
7
7
7
7
5
+
SEM
2
6
4
MODE propINDEX sRESTR <>
3
7
5
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
+
EXAMPLE
Kim could have been attending thereception.
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 10 / 19
FEATURES OF AUXILIARIES
EXAMPLE: AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality
Determination of form offollowing verb
Precedence of non-aux verb
Possibility of coocurrence(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries ofgiven type
MORE EXAMPLES
* Kim attending . . . could have.
* Kim could attending . . . been.
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 11 / 19
PRECEDENCE OF NON-AUX VERB
Why do auxiliary verbs always precede the non-auxiliary verb?
Verbs do not take AUX as complements
AUX are no modifiers
AUX do take verbs as complements
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 12 / 19
FEATURES OF AUXILIARIES
EXAMPLE: AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality
Determination of form offollowing verb
Precedence of non-aux verb
Possibility of coocurrence(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries ofgiven type
MORE EXAMPLES
* Kim have could been. . .
* Kim been have could. . .
* Kim could been have. . .
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 13 / 19
POSSIBILITY OF COOCURRENCE IN FIXED ORDER
EXAMPLE SENTENCE
Kim could have been attending the reception.
*
can,
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
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6
6
6
4
auxv-lxmSYN [HEAD [FORM fin]]
ARG-ST
*
X,
2
6
6
6
6
6
4
SYN
2
6
6
4
HEAD
2
6
4
verbINF -FORM base
3
7
5
3
7
7
5
SEM [INDEX s2 ]
3
7
7
7
7
7
5
+
SEM
2
6
6
6
6
6
4
INDEX s1
RESTR
*
2
6
4
RELN canSIT s1
ARG s2
3
7
5
+
3
7
7
7
7
7
5
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
+
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 14 / 19
POSSIBILITY OF COOCURRENCE IN FIXED ORDER
EXAMPLE SENTENCE
Kim could have been attending the reception.
*
have,
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
auxv-lxm
ARG-ST
*
X,
2
6
6
6
4
SYN
2
4HEAD
"
verbFORM psp
#
3
5
SEM [INDEX s2 ]
3
7
7
7
5
+
SEM
2
6
6
6
6
6
4
INDEX s1
RESTR
*
2
6
4
RELN haveSIT s1
ARG s2
3
7
5
+
3
7
7
7
7
7
5
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
+
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 14 / 19
POSSIBILITY OF COOCURRENCE IN FIXED ORDER
EXAMPLE SENTENCE
Kim could have been attending the reception.
*
be,
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
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6
6
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6
6
6
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6
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6
6
4
auxv-lxm
SYN
2
6
6
6
6
4
HEAD
2
6
4
verbAUX +AGR 0
3
7
5
VAL [SPR <[AGR 0 ]>]
3
7
7
7
7
5
ARG-ST
*
3 ,
2
6
6
6
6
6
4
SYN
2
6
6
4
HEAD [PRED +]
VAL
"
SPR < 3 >COMPS <>
#
3
7
7
5
SEM [INDEX s]
3
7
7
7
7
7
5
+
SEM
2
6
4
MODE propINDEX sRESTR <>
3
7
5
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
+
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 14 / 19
POSSIBILITY OF COOCURRENCE IN FIXED ORDER
EXAMPLE SENTENCE
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 14 / 19
FEATURES OF AUXILIARIES
EXAMPLE: AUXILIARIES
Kim could have been attending the reception.
Optionality
Determination of form offollowing verb
Precedence of non-aux verb
Possibility of coocurrence(fixed order)
No iteration of auxiliaries ofgiven type
MORE EXAMPLES
* Kim could would have been. . .
* Kim could have had been. . .
* Kim could have been being. . .
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 15 / 19
NO ITERATION
Iteration is not possible:
form of following verbgiven
following form alwaysdifferent from currentone
EXAMPLE
Kim
could
"
FORM finAUX +
#
have
"
FORM baseAUX +
#
been
"
FORM pspAUX +
#
attending the office
VP[prp]
VP[psp]
VP[base]
VP[fin]
S[fin]
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 16 / 19
SUMMARY
Features of auxiliaries can be represented in HPSG.
Cieschinger, Flügge, Schulz, Thiessen (UOS) Auxiliary Verbs Seminar Syntax, Group 8 17 / 19
NO ITERATION
EXAMPLE
Kim
could
"
FORM finAUX +
#
"
FORM baseAUX +
#
VP[psp]
VP[base]
VP[fin]
S[fin]
NO ITERATION
could
"
FORM finAUX +
#
have
"
FORM baseAUX +
#
been
"
FORM pspAUX +
#
attending the office
VP[prp]
VP[psp]
VP[base]
DETERMINATION OF FORM OF FOLLOWING VERBSpecification of complement VP in the lexical
*
can,
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
auxv-lxmSYN [HEAD [FORM fin]]
ARG-ST
*
X,
2
6
6
6
6
6
4
SYN
2
6
6
4
HEAD
2
6
4
verbINF -FORM base
3
7
5
3
7
7
5
SEM [INDEX s2 ]
3
7
7
7
7
7
5
+
SEM
2
6
6
6
6
4
INDEX s1
RESTR
*
2
6
4
RELN canSIT s1ARG s2
3
7
5
+
3
7
7
7
7
5
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
+
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
auxv-lxm
ARG-ST
*
X,
2
6
6
6
SYN
2
4HEAD
"
verbFORM psp
#
3
5
3
7
7
7
+
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
*
be,
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
auxv-lxm
SYN
ARG-ST
SEM
DETERMINATION OF FORM OF FOLLOWING VERB
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
6
4
7
5
SEM
2
6
6
6
6
4
INDEX s1
RESTR
*
2
6
4
RELN canSIT s1ARG s2
3
7
5
+
3
7
7
7
7
5
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
*
have,
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
auxv-lxm
ARG-ST
*
X,
2
6
6
6
4
SYN
2
4HEAD
"
verbFORM psp
#
3
5
SEM [INDEX s2 ]
3
7
7
7
5
+
SEM
2
6
6
6
6
4
INDEX s1
RESTR
*
2
6
4
RELN haveSIT s1ARG s2
3
7
5
+
3
7
7
7
7
5
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
+
*
be,
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
ARG-ST
SEM
EXAM
Kim couldreception.
DETERMINATION OF FORM OF FOLLOWING VERB
base
3
7
5
3
7
7
5
3
7
7
7
7
7
5
+
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
+
#
3
5
3
7
7
7
5
+
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
+
*
be,
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
auxv-lxm
SYN
2
6
6
6
6
6
4
HEAD
2
6
6
4
verbAUX +
AGR 0
3
7
7
5
VAL [SPR <[AGR 0 ]>]
3
7
7
7
7
7
5
ARG-ST
*
3 ,
2
6
6
6
6
6
4
SYN
2
6
6
4
HEAD [PRED +]
VAL
"
SPR < 3 >COMPS <>
#
3
7
7
5
SEM [INDEX s]
3
7
7
7
7
7
5
+
SEM
2
6
4
MODE propINDEX sRESTR <>
3
7
5
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
+
E
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