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growth of
BIOLOGY
The earliest humans must have had and passed on knowledge about plants and animals to increase their chances of survival. This may
have included knowledge of human and animal anatomy and aspects of animal behavior (such as migration patterns). However, the first
major turning point in biological knowledge came with the Neolithic Revolution about 10,000 years ago.
Let’s trace the history of Biology
PREHISTORYHomo sapiens – 1.75 million B.C.
Human speech – 50, 000 B.C. Writing – 4, 000 B.C. origin (4.5 billion B.C.)
The age of the Earth has been determined to be 4.54 billion
years old
Pre history is a term used to describe a period before the recorded history. The term "prehistory" can be used to refer to all time since the beginning of the universe, although it is more often used in referring to the period of time since life appeared on Earth, or even more specifically to the time since human-like beings appeared. In dividing up human prehistory, prehistorians typically use the Three age system, whereas scholars of pre-human time periods typically use the well defined Rock record and its internationally defined stratum base within the geologic time scale. The three-age system is the periodization of human prehistory into three consecutive time periods, named for their respective predominant tool-making technologies; the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age.
stone age iron agebronze age
paleolithic- first use of stone
tools
neolithic- primitive technological
& social development
mesolithic- development of human technology
chalcolithic- copper age
most advanced metal working
advent of ferrous metallurgy
technology
CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY (4000 B.C. to 476 A.D.)
classical Greece hellenistic period Roman empire
The history of science in Classical Antiquity encompasses both those inquiries into the workings of the universe aimed at such practical goals as establishing a reliable calendar or determining how to cure a variety of illnesses and those abstract investigations known
as natural philosophy. The ancient peoples who are considered the first scientists may have thought of themselves as natural philosophers, as practitioners of a skilled
profession (for example, physicians), or as followers of a religious tradition (for example, temple healers).The encyclopedic works of Aristotle, Archimedes, Hippocrates, Galen,
Ptolemy, Euclid, and others spread throughout the world. These works and the important commentaries on them were the wellspring of science.
The ancient cultures of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indian subcontinent, and China, among others,
produced renowned surgeons and students of the natural sciences such as Susruta and Zhang
Zhongjing, reflecting independent sophisticated systems of natural philosophy
Susruta of India performed
cataract surgery before 800 B.C.
wrote the medical masterpiece Treatise on
Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases
Zhang Zhongjing of China
(150 A.D.)
known for developing the
process of embalming, which
was used for mummification, in order to preserve
human remains and forestall
decomposition
Edwin Smith Papyrus of Egypt
(16th cent. B.C.)
Hippocrates(460 B.C.)
established medicine as a
profession
Aristotle (384 B.C.)
Focused on biological
causation and the diversity of
life
CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY (4000 B.C. to 476 A.D.)
Zhuangzi, Taoist
philosopher of China (4th cent. B.C.) expressed
ideas related to evolution,
such as denying the
fixity of biological
species and speculating that species
had developed differing
attributes in response to
differing environments
Theophrastus(371 B.C.), Aristotle’s
successor at the Lyceum, wrote a series of books
on Botany
Pliny the Elder (23 A.D.) known
for his knowledge of
plants and nature, and was the most prolific
compiler of zoological
descriptions
Herophilus (335-280 B.C.) & Erasistratus (304 – 250 B.C.) amended Aristotle’s
physiological work. They performed experimental dissections and they founded the school of anatomy in
Alexandria.
Galen (129 – 199 A.D.) was arguably
the most accomplished of
all medical researchers of antiquity. He contributed
greatly to the understanding of
numerous scientific
disciplines including anatomy,
physiology, pathology,pharmacology,neurology, philosophy, and
logic
The decline of the Romans led to the disappearance and destruction of
much knowledge.
middle ages
MIDDLE AGES (476 A.D. – 1449)
8th to 13th cent. – Islamic Golden Age
Al-Jahiz (781-869) described early evolutionary ideas in zoology; such as struggle for existence. He also introduced the idea of food chain.
Al Dinawari (828-896) is considered the founder of Arabic botany for his Book of Plants, in which he described at least 637 species and discussed plant development from germination to death, describing the phases of plant growth and the production of flowers and fruit
Abu Rayhan Biruni (973-
1048) described the idea of
artificial selection and
argued that nature works in much the same
way, an idea that has been
compared to natural selection.
Rhazes (865–925) In anatomy and physiology, the Persian physician carried out an early experiment to discredit the Galenic theory of humorism
Avenzoar (1091–1161) was an early adherent of experimental dissection and autopsy, which he carried out to prove that the skin disease scabies was caused by a parasite, a discovery which upset the theory of humorism. He also introduced experimental surgery, where animal testing is used to experiment with surgical techniques prior to using them on humans
Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati developed an early scientific method for botany, introducing empirical and experimental techniques in the testing, description and identification of numerous materia medica, and separating unverified reports from those supported by actual tests and observations
Avicenna (980–1037) introduced clinical trials and clinical pharmacology
in The Canon of Medicine
During a famine in Egypt in 1200, Abd-el-latif (1162-1231) observed and examined a large number of skeletons, and he
discovered that Galen was incorrect regarding the formation of the bones of the lower jaw and sacrum
Renaissance and Reformation
RENAISSANCE and REFORMATION (1450-1600)
Otto Brunfels (1530s) often called a father of botany, because,
in his botanical writings, he relied
not so much on the ancient authors as on his own observations and described plants
according to the latter
Leonhart Fuchs (1530)
Errata recentiorum medicorum ("Errors of recent doctors“), his first publication, in which he argued
for the use of "simples" (herbs) rather than the
noxious "compounds" of
arcane ingredients concocted in
medieval medicine
Heironymus Bock (1539)
The first edition of his Kreutterbuch ("plant book")
appeared in 1539. He described
German plants, including their
names, characteristics, and
medical uses. He developed his own system to classify
700 plants
Andreas Vesalius (1543) inaugurated the modern era of Western
medicine with his treatise De humani
corporis fabrica, which was based on
dissection of corpses. He was the first in a series of anatomists
who gradually replaced scholasticism with
empiricism in physiology and
medicine, relying on first-hand experience rather than authority
and abstract reasoning
Modern Era
MODERN ERA (1600 onwards)
1628 1665 1667-1674 1673 1730
William Harvey- English
physician who was the first to
describe correctly and in
detail the systemic
circulation and properties of blood being
pumped to the body by the
heart. Harvey's De motu cordis in 1628 was the beginning of the end for Galenic
theory.
Robert Hooke- published the
seminal Micrographia
based on observations with his own compound
microscope in 1665
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek- Father of microbiology.
- best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope
and for his contributions towards the
establishment of microbiology
Jan Swammerdam- the first to
observe and describe red blood cells
- was one of the first people to
use the microscope in
dissections- His work on
insects demonstrated
that the various phases during the life of an
insect
Carolus Linnaeus- laid the
foundations for the modern scheme of binomial
nomenclature. He is known as
the father of modern
taxonomy
19th Century: Emergence of Biological Disciplines
cytology
bacteriology
morphology embryology
geography
geology
20th Century biological sciences
BI O L O
GY
21st Century biological sciences
ecology & environmental
science
biochemistry, microbiology & molecular
biology
biotechnology, genetic
engineering & genomics
Classical genetics, modern synthesis & evolutionary theory
bioinformatics
biophysics
theoretical biology computational genomics
astrobiology
Synthetic biology
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