artificial intelligence

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

PRESENTED BY,

BIKAS CHANDRA SADASHIV

ContentsIntroductionHistory of Artificial IntelligenceWhy AILimitations of Human MindHow Does AI Works??Goals or FieldApplicationsArtificial Intelligence VS Conventional ComputingAdvantages DisadvantagesFutureConclusion

IntroductionIntelligence: “ability to learn, understand and think” (Oxford dictionary),

‘AI’ is how to make computers do things like human,

It is a branch of Science which deals with helping machines finds solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion,

Involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as algorithms in a computer friendly way.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

INCLUDES

People

Procedures

Hardware, software and data knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that demonstrate characteristics of intelligence.

Brief History of A I

Earliest work in the field of artificial intelligence was done in the mid 20th century.

The English Alan Turing may have been the first He describes a computing machine that consists of limitless

memory 1941: First electronic computer (technology finally available )

Brief History of A I

1956 John McCarthy coined the term artificial intelligence. He defines it as “the science and engineering of making intelligent machines” He also invented the Lisp Language 1960s: Checkers-playing program that was able to play games with opponents 1980s: Quality Control Systems 2000: First sophisticated walking robot

WHY A I?

Computers are fundamentally well suited to performing mechanical computations, using

fixed programmed rules. This allows artificial machines to perform simple monotonous

tasks efficiently and reliably, which humans are ill-suited to. `

LIMITATIONS OF HUMAN MIND

Object recognition. People cannot properly explain how they recognize objects.

Face recognition. Cannot be passed on to another person by explanation.

Naming of colours. Based on learning, not on absolute standards.

How Does AI Works??

Artificial intelligence works with the help of

Artificial Neurons (Artificial Neural Network) And

• Scientific theorems(If-Then Statements, Logics)

What is Neural Networking??

Artificial neural networks are composed of interconnecting artificial neurons (programming constructs that mimic the properties of biological neurons).

Dendrites: Accepts Inputs

Soma: Processes the Inputs

Axon: Turns the processed inputs into outputs

Synapses: The electrochemical contact between neurons

Goals or fields of AI

Deduction, reasoning, problem solving.

Knowledge representation.

Planning.

Learning.

Natural language processing.

Motion and manipulation.

Perception.

Social intelligence.

Creativity.

General intelligence.

APPLICATIONS OF A I

Expert systems.

Natural Language Processing (NLP).

Speech recognition.

Computer vision.

Robotics.

EXPERT SYSTEMS An Expert System is a computer program designed to

act as an expert in a particular domain (area of expertise)

Phases in Expert System Expert systems currently are designed to assist experts, not to

replace them, They have been used in medical diagnosis, chemical analysis, geological explorations etc.

Applications of Expert Systems Used by geologists to identify sites for drilling or mining

PUFF:Medical system for diagnosis of respiratory conditions

Natural Language Processing

The goal of NLP is to enable people and computers to communicate in a natural (humanly) language(such as, English) rather than in a computer language.

The field of NLP is divided in 2 categories—

Natural Language understanding.

Natural Language generation.

Speech Recognition

The primary interactive method of communication used by humans is not reading and writing, it is speech.

The goal of speech recognition research is to allow computers to understand human speech. So that they can hear our voices and recognize the words we are speaking.

It simplifies the process of interactive communication between people and computers, thus it advances the goal of NLP.

Computer Vision

People generally use vision as their primary means of sensing their environment, we generally see more than we hear, feel or smell or taste.

The goal of computer vision research is to give computers this same powerful facility for understanding their surrounding. Here A.I helps computer to understand what they see through attached cameras.

ROBOTICS

A Robot is a electro-mechanical device that can by programmed to perform manual tasks or a reprogrammable multi functional manipulator designed to move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for performance of variety of tasks.

An ‘intelligent’ robot includes some kind of sensory apparatus that allows it to respond to change in it’s environment

Artificial Intelligence VS Conventional Computing

AI software uses the techniques of search and pattern matching

Programmers design AI software to give the computer only the problem, not the steps necessary to solve it

Conventional computer software follow a logical series of steps to reach a conclusion

Computer programmers originally designed software that accomplished tasks by completing algorithms

Advantages Ability to simulate human behavior and cognitive processes

Capture and preserve human expertise Fast Response.

They will probably be increasingly used in the field of medicine.

The ability to comprehend large amounts of data quickly.

A knowledge based expert system, which can cross-reference symptoms and diseases will greatly improve the accuracy of diagnostics.

Object recognition will also be a great aid to doctors. Along with images from cats cans or X-ray machines, they will

be able to get preliminary analysis of those images.

Disadvantages

• . Self-modifying, when combined with self-

replicating, can lead to dangerous, unexpected results, such as a new and frequently mutating computer virus.

No “common sense”.

Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge.

May have high development costs.

Raise legal and ethical concerns

FUTURE (+)

The day is not far when you will just sit back in your cozy little beds and just command your personal Robot's to entirely do your ruts . He will be a perfect companion for you. Just enjoy the Technology.

Future (-)But wait, don’t be happy. . !

It may end in other way too. Some day there will be a knock to your door. As you open it, you see a large number of Robots marching into your house destroying everything you own and looting you.

This is because ever since there is an advantage in the Technology, it attracts anti-social elements. This is true for Robots too. Because now they will have full power to think as human, even as of anti-social elements. So think trice before giving them power of Cognition.

Conclusion

In it’s short existence, AI has increased understanding of the nature of intelligence and provided an impressive array of application in a wide range of areas. It has sharpened understanding of human reasoning, and of the nature of intelligence in general. At the same time, it has revealed the complexity of modeling human reasoning providing new areas and rich challenges for the future.