A Little Lisp

(A Little LISP)

By James Ladd http://www.jamesladdcode.com

with portions from The Roots Of Lisp, by Paul Graham

All images © iStockPhoto or Wikipedia

A Little LISP, By James Ladd http://www.jamesladdcode.com with portions from The Roots Of Lisp, by Paul Graham

WHAT ?

The greatest single

programming language ever

designed.

— Alan Kay

John McCarthy

Created LISP

John McCarthy

Recursive Functions

of Symbolic

Expressions and Their

Computation by Machine

John McCarthy

In 1958

Created LISP

LISP <( )=

In 1958

C IBM 704 FORTRAN

C AREA OF A TRIANGLE WITH A STANDARD SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION C INPUT - CARD READER UNIT 5, INTEGER INPUTC OUTPUT - LINE PRINTER UNIT 6, REAL OUTPUTC INPUT ERROR DISPLAY ERROR OUTPUT CODE 1 IN JOB CONTROL LISTING READ INPUT TAPE 5, 501, IA, IB, IC 501 FORMAT (3I5)C IA, IB, AND IC MAY NOT BE NEGATIVEC FURTHERMORE, THE SUM OF TWO SIDES OF A TRIANGLEC IS GREATER THAN THE THIRD SIDE, SO WE CHECK FOR THAT, TOO IF (IA) 777, 777, 701 701 IF (IB) 777, 777, 702 702 IF (IC) 777, 777, 703 703 IF (IA+IB-IC) 777,777,704 704 IF (IA+IC-IB) 777,777,705 705 IF (IB+IC-IA) 777,777,799 777 STOP 1C USING HERON'S FORMULA WE CALCULATE THEC AREA OF THE TRIANGLE 799 S = FLOATF (IA + IB + IC) / 2.0 AREA = SQRT( S * (S - FLOATF(IA)) * (S - FLOATF(IB)) * + (S - FLOATF(IC))) WRITE OUTPUT TAPE 6, 601, IA, IB, IC, AREA 601 FORMAT (4H A= ,I5,5H B= ,I5,5H C= ,I5,8H AREA= ,F10.2, + 13H SQUARE UNITS) STOP END

Created LISP as

mathematical notation for

computer programs

Based on Lambda Calculus

Lambda Calculus

the function f(x, y) = x - y

would be written as λ x. λ y.

x - y.

List Processing Language

(FOO (BAR 1) 2)

LISP pioneered:

Tree Data Structures

Automatic Storage

Management

Dynamic Typing

Object Oriented Programming

LISP pioneered:

Self-hosting Compiler !!

LISP = Pure Functional

Language

FIFTY YEARS AGO

Functional Programs Are:

Stateless

Deal only with Functions

No side effects in 'state'

Functions can return

Functions

(print "Hello

world")

(defun factorial (n)

(if (<= n 1)

(* n (factorial (- n

1)))))

(dotimes (i 10)

(format t "~A~%" (+ 1

LISP is a series of expressions

(foo bar)

(a b (c) d)

A LISP expression

Atom or a list of zero or more

expressions, separated by

whitespace and enclosed in ().

Foo = atom

() = empty list

(foo) = list of one atom

(foo bar) = list of two atoms

(a b (c) d) = list of 4 elements,

the 3rd one is itself a

> (+ 1 2)

> (+ 1 (- 10 5))

(quote x) returns

>(quote a)

>(quote (+ 1 2))

(+ 1 2)

(atom x) returns t if

is an atom,

otherwise ()

>(atom 'a)

>(atom '(a b c))

(eq x y) returns t if x and y

are same atom or both (),

otherwise ()

>(eq 'a 'a) >(eq '() '())

>(eq 'a 'b)

(car x) returns first

element of

value of x

>(car '(a b c))

>(car '('(foo) bar baz))

(cdr x) returns everything

after the first element of

value of x

>(cdr '(a b c))

>(cdr '('(foo) bar baz))

(bar baz)

(cons x y) returns a list

containing value of x

followed by value of y

>(cons 'a '(b c))

(a b c)

>(car (cons 'a '(b c)))

(cond (p1 e1)...(pn en))

The p expressions are evaluated

in order until one returns t.

When one is found, the value of

the corresponding e expression

is returned as the value of the

whole cond expression.

>(cond ((eq 'a 'b) 'first)

((atom 'a) 'second))

second

(cond (x y) ('t z))

is equivalent to

if x then y else z

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