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Smallpox
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Presented by: Sulov SahaMd.Mehedi Hasan
Klinton AliShuvasish Paul
# Caused by Variola virus
# Double stranded DNA virus
# Genus: Orthopoxvirus
# Variola major or minor
# Stable outside host(retains infectivity)
The Organism
Variola major– Classic smallpox– Predominant form in Asian epidemics– Highest mortality (~30%)
Variola minor– Causes milder disease
– Discovered in 20th century– Started in S. Africa
– Was most predominant form in N. America
Microbiology
All ages and genders affectedIncubation period • From infection to onset of
prodrome• Range 7-17 daysMortality• 30% overall in unvaccinated
population• Infants, elderly greatest risk
(>40%)• Dependent on virus strain• Dependent on disease variant
Microbiology continues
No animal reservoir and no human carriers.
First certain evidence comes from the mummified remains of Ramses(1157 B.C.).
First Case of Smallpox
Pathophysiology
Virus lands on respiratory/oral mucosa
Macrophages carry to regional nodes
Invades reticuloendothelial organs
White Blood Cells infected
Systemic inflammatory response
Stages of Smallpox
Three stages of disease:• 1. Incubation
• Asymptomatic• 2. Prodromal
• Nonspecific febrile illness, flu-like• 3. Eruptive
• Characteristic rash
Clinical feature Rash Stages of Development
Clinical feature Host Genes Expressed During Smallpox
• The first symptoms of smallpox usually appear 12 to 14 days after you're infected.
• During the incubation period of seven to 17 days, you look and feel healthy and can't infect others.
Symptoms & Signs
Symptoms
•Initially via aerosol•Then person-to-person•Hospital outbreaks from coughing patients•Highly infectious
Airborne route
Infectious Materials:
Saliva
Vesicular fluid
Scabs
Urine
Conjunctival fluid
Possibly blood
Transmission
• Physical examination and blood tests. Fever and the distinctive, progressive skin rash will indicate smallpox.
• Smallpox and monkeypox virions may be indistinguishable.
Diagnosis
• The smallpox vaccine is the only known way to prevent smallpox in an exposed person. The smallpox vaccine helps the body develop immunity to smallpox.
Prevention
Variolation
• Inoculation with infectious smallpox • Scabs or pustular material
• 3% mortality• Immunized were infectious - outbreaks• Provided full immunity• Originated in Eastern countries in ancient times• Started in U.S. by Rev. Cotton Mather 1721
Treatment
VaccinationEdwar
d Jenner develo
ps vaccin
e
1796
Freeze-dying technology
1940’s
Licensure of bifurcated
needle
1965
Attenuated strains1975
Vaccine removed from civilian market
1983
Vaccine Administration
Jet gun• Rapid• High
maintenanceBifurcated
needle • High
efficacy, sterilizable, rapid (1500/day)
• Uses less vaccine
• Mainstay for the WHO eradication campaign
Smallpox (Vaccinia) Vaccine Dryvax®• Lyophilized vaccinia containing calf
lymph.• Trace amounts of antibiotics:
• Polymyxin B.• Streptomycin.• Chlortetracycline.• Neomycin.
Smallpox Vaccine
Complications of Vaccination
Treatments for Complications:
1. Vaccinia Immune
Globulin(VIG)
2. Cidofovir
Eczema vaccinatum Progressive vaccinia
Generalized vaccinia Post-vaccinial encephalitis
•Exposure to a case patient after fever onset•Contact with secretions or•Face-to-face contact or•In nosocomial setting with a case•Includes all hospital patients and staff
Carefully
identify
true contacts:-
Management of Case Contacts
Fig: Ring vaccination
Outbreak Management
Case
Contact to Case
Contact to Contact
Strategy in
outbreak
•All confirmed or suspected cases•All contacts of confirmed/suspected cases•All hospital personnel of hospitalized cases•All other patients in hospital with cases
WHO Smallpox Eradication Campaign Begins
Campaign Continues
• Oct 26, 1977, last case of smallpox.• May 8, 1980, official declaration by WHO - Smallpox
Eradicated!
The End of Smallpox
Last case of Variola minor, Somalia 1977
Last case of Variola major, Bangladesh 1975
Slow spread
Effective, relatively
safe vaccine
No animal/insect vectors
Infectious only with symptoms
Prior infection gives lifelong
immunity
International cooperation
Factors That Allowed Smallpox Eradication
Variola viruses do not exist in
nature.
Some nations are suspected of having active bioweapons programs.
North Korea
Syria
Iran
Israel
Russia
Some may have kept smallpox stocks hidden.
The world is ill-prepared for
smallpox.
Vaccination is no longer routine.
Thus, a large susceptible population.
Smallpox as a Biological Weapon
Thanks
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