LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift...

LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub Surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas

AAPG Eastern Section 9/22/15 Chuck Knox, Knox Geological LLC

1Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort

Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 f4tknox@comcast.net

LiDAR, which stands for Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote sensing method that uses

light in the form of pulsed laser to measure ranges (variable distances) to the Earth. These light

pulses-combined with other data recorded by the airborne system-generate precise, three-

dimensional information about the shape of the Earth and its surface characteristics.

Noaa.gov/facts/lidar.html

LiDAR Derived DEM using Combined Hillshade and Raster of Flint Area Steuben County, IndianaKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort

Wrench Faulting Associated With the Pokagon Line

Normal Faulting Associated with the Fort Wayne Rift

Wickstrom,Gray andStieglitz1992

Aerial Photo of the Maumee River during the drought of 1934 along the Bowling Green Fault Zone

Retreating Glaciers and the Signatures Left Behind

Faults and Fractures at the Glacier/Bedrock Contact Influence the Melting of the GlacierFaults and Fractures in the Bedrock are Influenced by Daily Tidal Actions Heat From Friction and the Sub Surface Create Zones of Melting Above Faults and FracturesKames and Eskars Develop Below Areas of Fractures in the Ice Leaving Geomorphic SignaturesEarly Drainage Patterns Follow Fractures in the Ice Which Correlate to Faults and Fractures in the Bedrock.Modern Drainage Patterns Follow the Early Glacial Drainage systems

Matanuska Glacier Palmer Alaska

Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422

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Collecting LiDAR Point Cloud Data

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Working with Digital LiDAR Data

Point Cloud Data is Stored as an LAS FileMillions of Point Cloud Points Creates Computer Processing IssuesOnly Using Last or Bare Earth Returns Reduces the Amount of Data Needing to be ProcessedArcGIS is a Good Program to Convert Point Cloud Data Into Useable InformationTwo Methods for the Reduction of Point Cloud Data in ArcGIS

LAS Data SetsTerrain Data Sets

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LAS Data Sets

The Data is Stored Digitally and Can be Used in QueriesIn ArcGIS More Tools are Available for Modeling of the SurfaceEach Point of the Point Cloud is Used in Surface ModelingTakes a Stupendous Amount of Computer StorageNeeds Powerful Computer Processing Ability to Reduce the Point Cloud into Useable DataCan Create 3D Images of the Bare Earth Returns

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Terrain Data Sets

Point Cloud Data is Reduced into a Pyramid System for Ease of DisplayPyramid System Reduces the Amount of Computer Processing Power Needed to Create Visual DisplaysCounty Wide Point Cloud Data Can be Reduced With Minimal Processing PowerTerrain Data Sets Cannot be Used in QueriesVery Good Tool For Scalable Visualization of the Bare Earth surface

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LiDAR Study of the Unionport Gas Storage Project, Randolph County,

Indiana

“The Post Knox Unconformity provided the Principal Trapping Conditions for the Underground Gas Storage at Unionport”“Erosional Remnants of the Porous Knox Dolomite Protrude Upward into the Overlying Impermeable Black River Limestone”“Petroleum Has Been Produced in Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky and Southern Ontario from Knox Erosional Remnants”

Keller and Abdulkareem 1980

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Unionport Gas Storage Project Randolph County, Indiana

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Generalized StratigraphicSection for the Unionport Area

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Location of the Gas Storage Wells in the Unionport Area

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Structure Map on the Top of the Knox Dolomite in the Unionport Gas Storage Project, Contours Are Every 10’

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Structure Map of the Trenton Utica Contact in the UnionportGas Storage Project, Contours Are Every 10’

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Cross Sections At Unionport

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The Unionport LiDAR Study

Mosaic Tile LAS Data Set Compiled over the Unionport Gas Storage ComplexOnly Last or Bare Earth Returns Used in Data Set3D Digital Elevation Model of Surface Built with Combined Hillshade and Transparent Red to Green Color Ramp Raster ImageTerrain Data Set Also CreatedElevation Contours, Slope Angles, Stream Flow and Aspect Maps Created from LAS Data SetSlope Angle Maps Created From Terrain Data Set

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Unionport Area Google Earth Image With Wells, 1:30,000Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort

Unionport Gas Storage Project with 9 Mosaic Tile LAS Data Set, 1:30,000Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort

Unionport Gas Storage Project with Raster Image Derived from LAS Data SetKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort

Unionport Gas Storage Project with Hillshaded Image Derived from LAS Data SetKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort

Unionport Raster Image with Red to Green Color Ramp from LAS Data SetKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort

Unionport With Combined Raster and Hillshade From 9 Tile LAS Data SetKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort

Unionport With Combined Raster and Hillshade With WellsKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort

Combined Raster and Hillshade 1:15,000Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort

LiDAR Derived Surface Contours 10’ IntervalsKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort

Unionport Area Digitally Derived Flow AccumulationKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort

Unionport LAS Data Set Digitally Derived Slope AnglesKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort

Unionport LAS Data Set Digitally Derived Slope Angles With WellsKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort

Unionport Terrain Data Set Derived Slope Angles Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort

Unionport Terrain Data Set Derived Slope Angles With Wells Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort

Northern Unionport DEM 1:3,000Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort

Northern Unionport LAS Data Set Slope AngleKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort

Northern Unionport Terrain Data Set Slope AngleKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort

Northern Unionport LAS Data Set Aspect MapKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort

Results of The Unionport LiDAR Study

Differential Compaction of the Trenton, Utica and Silurian Limes Over the Known Knox Erosional Remnants at UnionportAppears to Extend to the SurfaceLiDAR Derived Digital Elevation Models Show an Area of Higher Elevation Over the Known Knox Erosional RemnantsLiDAR Derived Flow Accumulation Map Shows Stream Flow Radiating Away From Area Above Known Knox Erosional RemnantsSlope Angle Maps, Both LAS Data Set and Terrain Data Set Show Higher Slope Angles Over the Known Knox Erosional Remnant

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Conclusion of The Unionport LiDAR Study

LiDAR Derived Digital Elevation Models with Flow Accumulation and Slope Angle Maps Can Be Used as a New Tool to Help Locate Knox Erosional Remnants in Drift Covered Areas

USGS LiDAR Availability Map of the Lower 48

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Special Thanks To These Great People for Their Help, Support and

Encouragement

Dr Jan Cannon for his long career and continued dedication to remote sensing Charly Zuppann and Matt Johnson of the Indiana Geological SurveyJim Sparks: Indiana Geographic Information Officer, Jim’s office was responsible for the 3 year LiDAR survey in IndianaKevin Sullivan and John Clark for their advice and encouragementApril Knox: Geological Graduate student at the University of Alaska Fairbanks

LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift...

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