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Concept of IPM

Submitted To :- Submitted By :- Dr. O. P. Chaudhary Vaibhav

Integrated Pest Management

“The use of all economically, ecologically and toxicologically defensible methods to keep damaging organisms below economic damage levels whilst conscious exploitation of natural control factors is emphasized.”

Many components of IPM were developed inlate 19th and 20th century. By early 1920s, ahighly complex and sophisticated systeminvolving the use of multiple componentsuppression techniques, viz. resistant variety,sanitation practices and chemical treatments withcalcium arsenate at fixed population levels, wasclearly developed for the control of boll weevil oncotton in USA.

Integrated Pest Management :-

During the period from 1920s to1940s, the emphasis in crop protectionshifted from cultural and biologicalcontrol to inorganic chemicalpesticides.

Integrated Pest Management :-

• The discovery of insecticidal properties of DDT rapidly followed by manufacture of other broad spectrum synthetic organic pesticides during 1940s, and 1950s virtually eclipsed all other techniques.

• These insecticides become first line of attack or defense against all insects.

• Even at that time, many scientists had warned regarding the consequences on exclusive reliance on chemical insecticides ignoring ecological principles.

Integrated Pest Management :-

• The use of toxic chemicals for the control of pests increased tremendously during during the green revolution era.

• Later it was realized that many of these chemical were not biologically degradable and they not only persisted in the environment but also became concentrated through the food chains.

Integrated Pest Management :-

With the consciousness of using the chemicalsto minimize the pollution hazard, the scientistsrecommended that pests should be controlledby integrating the use of biological agents withthe use of insecticides.

Integrated Pest Management :-

Origin of IPM concept• Basic tactics of IPM were used before the term was coined.• In the absence of modern pesticides, crop protection

specialists during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, relied on pest biology and cultural practices.

• With the advent of organo synthatic insecticide, plant protection scientists concentrated on evaluation of toxic chemicals in early 1960s.

• The period of late 1940s through mid 1960s is considered to be the Dark Era of pest control.

• By late 1950s, warnings began to hear about the risks involved in the use of pesticide in USA, Canada and Europe.

The most vociferousamong these was thatCarson (1962) who inher book Silent Springbrought the problemscaused by pesticides tothe attention of publicand changed foreverthe manner pesticidesare viewed by theGeneral public.

A numerical analysis of various definations spanningthe last 35 years was carried out by KOGAN (1998)who founded the most the authers depending on thefollowing issues to capture the IPM concept :

• The appropriate selection of pest control methods, used singly or in combination;

• The economic benefits to growers and to society;• The decision rules that guide the selection of

control action;• The need to consider impacts of multiple pests.

KOGAN defines IPM as “ decisions support system from the selection and use of pest control tactics, singly or harmoniously coordinated into a management strategy based on cost/benefit analysis that take into account the interests of and impacts on producers, society and environment”.

Phases in the evolution of an IPM programme

• Single tactic phase – emphasis is placed on a single pest utilizing a single tactic.

• Multiple tactic phase – variety of tactics (cultural, mechanical, physical, chemical, biological, host resistance, regulatory, etc.)

• Biological monitoring phase – monitoring of pest, natural enemies and host plant population.

• Modeling phase – conceptualization of the processes involved in pest management system through mental, pictorial, flow chart and mathematical models.

• Management phase – construction of functional IPM system.

• System implementation phase – ultimate phase through which the optimal systems are unified for delivery to

Concepts of IPM1. Understanding the agricultural ecosystem

2. Planning of agricultural ecosystem

3. Cost benefit ratio

4. Tolerance of pest damage

5. Leaving a pest residue

6. Timing of treatments

7. Public understanding and acceptance

1. Understanding the agricultural ecosystem

• An agro ecosystem contains a lesser diversity of animal and plant species than natural ecosystem like forests.

• A typical agro ecosystem contain only 1-4 major crop species and 6-10 major pest species.

• An agro ecosystem is intensively manipulated by man and subjected to sudden alterations such as ploughing , inter cultivation and treatment with pesticides.

• These practices are critical in pest management as pest populations are greatly influenced by these practices.

• However, agro ecosystem is a complex of food chains and food webs that interact together to produce a stable unit.

2. Planning of agricultural ecosystem

• In IPM programme the agricultural system can be planned in terms of anticipating pest problem and also the ways to reduce them that is to integrate crop protection with crop production system.

• Growing of susceptible varieties should be avoided and related crops shouldn’t be grown.

• Bhendi followed by cotton increases incidence of the spotted borer.

• Ground nut followed by soybean increases incidence of the leaf miner.

3. Cost benefit ratio

• Based on the possibility of pest damage by predicting the pest problem and by defining economic threshold level, emphasis should be given to cost benefit ratio.

• The crop life table to provide solid information analysis of pest damage as well as cost benefit ratio in pest management.

• Benefit risk analysis comes when a chemical pesticide is applied in an agro ecosystem for considering its impact on society as well as environment relevant to its benefits.

4. Tolerance of pest damage

• The pest free crop is neither necessary in most cases for high yields nor appropriate for insect pest management. Castor crop can tolerate upto 25 per cent defoliation.

• Exceptions occur in case of plant disease transmission by vectors.

• The relationship between density of pest population and profitability of control measures is expressed through threshold values.

• The terms used to express the levels of pest population are

a) Economic Injury Level (EIL): Lowest population at which the pest will cause economic damage therefore it is the level at or before which the control measures are initiated. EIL is usually expressed as the number of insects per unit area.

b) Economic Threshold Level (ETL): ETL is defined as the population density at which control measures should be applied to prevent increasing pest population from reaching the economic injury level.

Relationship between EIL and ETL can be expressed as when no action is taken at ETL the population reaches or exceeds EIL.

E.g.:- ETL value for BPH in rice is 25 insects/hill; Grasshoppers or cutworms is 1insect/hill; rice stem borer -5% dead hearts; Gall midge of rice-5% silver shoots.

c) General equilibrium position(GEP) It is the average population density of insect over a long period of time unaffected by temporary interventions of pest control .However the economic injury level may be at any level well above or below the general equilibrium.

5. Leaving a pest residue

• Natural enemy population is gradually eliminated not only in the absence of their respective insect hosts because of the indiscriminate use of broad spectrum insecticides, which in turn also eliminate natural enemies.

• Therefore, it is an important concept of pest management, to leave a permanent pest residue below economic threshold level, so that natural enemies will survive.

6. Timing of treatments

• Treatment in terms of pesticide spray should be need based, with minimum number of sprays, timely scheduled, combined with improved techniques of pest monitoring and crop development

• E.g.: Use of pheromone traps for monitoring of pest population.

7. Public understanding and acceptance

• In order to deal with various pest problems special effort should be made for effective communication to the people for better understanding and acceptance of pest management practices.

• The IPM practices followed should be economical and sustainable.

New concepts in IPM

• Some alternative terms have been proposed –Frisbie and Smith proposed ‘biological intensiveIPM’ (BIIMP) or ‘bio intensive IPM’ (BIMP) whichwould rely upon host plant resistance, biologicaland cultural control.

• A special committee of the National ResearchCouncil’s Board of Agriculture in 1996 proposed‘ecologically based pest management’

The emphasis on development of EBPM system hasincreased greatly in recent years and some keyissues that need to be highlighted are as follow –

In EBIPM, programmes should emphasis on an understanding of the ecological relationships between the host plants and management practices like cultural control, biological control, and host plant resistance.

Integration of management practices involves biological, chemical, cultural controls.

It should minimize economic, environmental and health risks.

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