Bootstrapping Meta-Languages of Language Workbenches

Bootstrapping Meta-Languages of

Language WorkbenchesGabriël Konat

Joint work with: Sebastian Erdweg, Eelco Visser

2

Tools and environment to develop languages

3

Spoofax Language Workbench

4

Domain-specific meta-languages

Syntax Name binding Type system Dynamic semantics

5

Bootstrap the meta-languages

Syntax Name binding Type system Dynamic semantics

6

Syntax Name binding Type system Dynamic semanticsHigher-level implementation

7

Syntax Name binding Type system Dynamic semanticsHigher-level implementation

Large-scale test case

8

Syntax Name binding Type system Dynamic semanticsHigher-level implementation

Large-scale test case

Coverage

9

Syntax Name binding Type system Dynamic semanticsHigher-level implementation

Large-scale test case

Coverage

Improvement dissemination

Bootstrapping Meta-Languages

11

SDFStratego

12

SDFStratego

context-free syntaxDef .Ent = <ent <Id> {<Decl*>}>Decl.Prop = <<Id>:<Type>>Type.Str = <String>

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SDFStratego

context-free syntaxDef .Ent = <ent <Id> {<Decl*>}>Decl.Prop = <<Id>:<Type>>Type.Str = <String>

PT-gen PT

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SDFStratego

context-free syntaxDef .Ent = <ent <Id> {<Decl*>}>Decl.Prop = <<Id>:<Type>>Type.Str = <String>

PT-gen PT

Parser ASTParseEnt("person",[ Prop("addr", Str())])

ent person { addr:String}

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SDFStratego

context-free syntaxDef .Ent = <ent <Id> {<Decl*>}>Decl.Prop = <<Id>:<Type>>Type.Str = <String>

PT-gen PT

Parser ASTParseEnt("person",[ Prop("addr", Str())])

ent person { addr:String}

SigSig-gen

Types

signaturesEnt : Id * List(Decl) -> DefProp : Id * Type -> DeclStr : Type

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SDFStratego

context-free syntaxDef .Ent = <ent <Id> {<Decl*>}>Decl.Prop = <<Id>:<Type>>Type.Str = <String>

PT-gen PT

Parser ASTParseEnt("person",[ Prop("addr", Str())])

ent person { addr:String}

SigSig-gen

Types

signaturesEnt : Id * List(Decl) -> DefProp : Id * Type -> DeclStr : Type

PP-gen

PP

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SDFStratego

context-free syntaxDef .Ent = <ent <Id> {<Decl*>}>Decl.Prop = <<Id>:<Type>>Type.Str = <String>

PT-gen PT

Parser ASTParseEnt("person",[ Prop("addr", Str())])

ent person { addr:String}

SigSig-gen

Types

signaturesEnt : Id * List(Decl) -> DefProp : Id * Type -> DeclStr : Type

PP-gen

PPtransformation rulestojava: Ent(e, ds) -> Class(…)tojava: Prop(p, t) -> Field(…)tojava: Str() -> Type(…)

18

SDFStratego

context-free syntaxDef .Ent = <ent <Id> {<Decl*>}>Decl.Prop = <<Id>:<Type>>Type.Str = <String>

PT-gen PT

Parser ASTParseEnt("person",[ Prop("addr", Str())])

ent person { addr:String}

SigSig-gen

Types

signaturesEnt : Id * List(Decl) -> DefProp : Id * Type -> DeclStr : Type

PP-gen

PPtransformation rulestojava: Ent(e, ds) -> Class(…)tojava: Prop(p, t) -> Field(…)tojava: Str() -> Type(…)

ASTTransform

19

SDF

Sig-gen

PP-gen

Stratego

20

SDF Stratego (STR)Sig-gen

PP-gen

21

SDF STRSig-gen

PP-gen

22

SDF STRSig-gen

PP-gen

23

SDF STRSig-gen

PP-gen

24

SDF STRSig-gen

PP-gen

25

SDF STRSig-gen

PP-gen

26

SDF STR

Sig

SigSig-gen

PP-gen

27

SDF STR

Sig

Sig

PP

PP

Sig-gen

PP-gen

28

SDF STRSig-gen

PP-gen

Sig

Sig

PP

PP

Sig-gen : STR

PP-gen : STR

29

SDF STRSig-gen

PP-gen

Sig

Sig

PP

PP

Sig-gen : STR

PP-gen : STR

Sig : STR

Sig : STR

PP : STR

PP : STR

30

SDF STRSig-gen

PP-gen

Sig

Sig

PP

PP

Sig-gen : STR

PP-gen : STR

Sig : STR

Sig : STR

PP : STR

PP : STR

31

SDF STR

Multiple meta-languages

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SDF STR

Self and mutual dependency

33

SDF STRSig-gen

PP-gen

Sig

Sig

PP

PP

Sig-gen : STR

PP-gen : STR

Sig : STR

Sig : STR

PP : STR

PP : STR

Generate files of each other

34

SDF STRSig-gen

PP-gen

Sig

Sig

PP

PP

Use files of each other

Sig-gen : STR

PP-gen : STR

Sig : STR

Sig : STR

PP : STR

PP : STR

35

SDF STRSig-gen

PP-gen

Sig

Sig

PP

PP

Complex to bootstrap

Sig-gen : STR

PP-gen : STR

Sig : STR

Sig : STR

PP : STR

PP : STR

36

SDF STR

Sig

Sig

PP

PP

Sig-gen

PP-gen

Sig-gen : STR

PP-gen : STRPP-gen* : STR

Sig : STR

Sig : STR

PP : STR

PP : STR

37

SDF STR

Sig

Sig

PP

PP

Sig-gen

PP-gen

Sig : STR

Sig : STR

PP : STR

PP : STR

Sig-gen : STR

PP-gen : STR PP : STRPP-gen* : STR

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Bootstrap to find defects

SDF STR

Sig

Sig

PP

PP

Sig-gen

PP-gen

Sig : STR

Sig : STR

PP : STR

PP : STR

Sig-gen : STR

PP-gen : STR PP : STRPP-gen* : STR

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SDF STRSig-genPP-gen PP

Baseline

40

SDF STRSig-genPP-gen PP

Baseline

STR

PP

Iteration 1Fixpoint bootstrapping

41

SDF STRSig-genPP-gen PP

Baseline

STR

PP

Iteration 1 SDF

Sig-genPP-gen*

Sig

String(s)->Op("S", [Str(s), Str(";")])

String(s)->Op("S", [Str(s)])

42

SDF STRSig-genPP-gen PP

Baseline

STR

PP

Iteration 1 SDF

Sig-genPP-gen*

Sig

String(s)->Op("S", [Str(s), Str(";")])

String(s)->Op("S", [Str(s)])

Hidden defect

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SDF STRSig-genPP-gen PP

Baseline

STR

PP

Iteration 1 SDF

Sig-genPP-gen*

Sig

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 2

pp-Decl : Signature(t) -> [ H([ SOpt(HS(), "0") , S("signatures") , S(";") ]) , <pp-Sig> t]

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SDF STRSig-genPP-gen PP

Baseline

STR

PP

Iteration 1 SDF

Sig-genPP-gen*

Sig

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 2

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 3

pp-Decl : Signature(t) -> [ H([ SOpt(HS(), "0") , S("signatures") , S(";") ]) , <pp-Sig> t]

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SDF STRSig-genPP-gen PP

Baseline

STR

PP

Iteration 1 SDF

Sig-genPP-gen*

Sig

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 2

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 3

SDF Sig

Sig-genPP-gen

Iteration 4

module; signatures/sorts/Sorts-sigsignatures; :; String ->; SortSort :; Sort ->; SymbolPSort :; Sort *; List(;Symbol); ->; Symbol

Defect found

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SDF STRSig-genPP-gen PP

Baseline

STR

PP

Iteration 1 SDF

Sig-genPP-gen*

Sig

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 2

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 3

SDF Sig

Sig-genPP-gen

Iteration 4

module; signatures/sorts/Sorts-sigsignatures; :; String ->; SortSort :; Sort ->; SymbolPSort :; Sort *; List(;Symbol); ->; Symbol

Defect found

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SDF STRSig-genPP-gen PP

Baseline

STR

PP

Iteration 1 SDF

Sig-genPP-gen*

Sig

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 2

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 3

SDF Sig

Sig-genPP-gen

Iteration 4

modulesignatures SortPSort

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Dynsem

NaBL2

TSNaBL

ESV

Stratego

SDF3

SDF2

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SDF STRSig-genPP-gen PP

Baseline

STR

PP

Iteration 1 SDF

Sig-genPP-gen*

Sig

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 2

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 3

SDF Sig

Sig-genPP-gen

Iteration 4

modulesignatures SortPSort

Fixpoint bootstrapping

49

SDF STRSig-genPP-gen PP

Baseline

STR

PP

Iteration 1 SDF

Sig-genPP-gen*

Sig

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 2

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 3

SDF Sig

Sig-genPP-gen

Iteration 4

modulesignatures SortPSort

Fixpoint bootstrapping

Binary comparison

50

SDF STRSig-genPP-gen PP

Baseline

STR

PP

Iteration 1 SDF

Sig-genPP-gen*

Sig

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 2

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 3

SDF Sig

Sig-genPP-gen

Iteration 4

modulesignatures SortPSort

Fixpoint bootstrapping

Binary comparison

Existing baseline

51

SDF STRSig-genPP-gen PP

Baseline

STR

PP

Iteration 1 SDF

Sig-genPP-gen*

Sig

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 2

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 3

SDF Sig

Sig-genPP-gen

Iteration 4

modulesignatures SortPSort

Fixpoint bootstrapping

Binary comparison

Existing baseline

Deterministic compilers

52

SDF STRSig-genPP-gen PP

Baseline

STR

PP

Iteration 1 SDF

Sig-genPP-gen*

Sig

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 2

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 3

SDF Sig

Sig-genPP-gen

Iteration 4

modulesignatures SortPSort

Fixpoint bootstrapping

Binary comparison

Existing baseline

Deterministic compilers

Produce baselines

53

SDF STRSig-genPP-gen PP

Baseline

STR

PP

Iteration 1 SDF

Sig-genPP-gen*

Sig

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 2

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 3

SDF Sig

Sig-genPP-gen

Iteration 4

modulesignatures SortPSort

Fixpoint bootstrapping

Binary comparison

Existing baseline

Deterministic compilers

Produce baselines

Roll back on defects

54

SDF STRSig-genPP-gen PP

Baseline

STR

PP

Iteration 1 SDF

Sig-genPP-gen*

Sig

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 2

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 3

SDF Sig

Sig-genPP-gen

Iteration 4

modulesignatures SortPSort

Fixpoint bootstrapping

Binary comparison

Existing baseline

Deterministic compilers

Produce baselines

Roll back on defects

General

Systematic Meta-Language Bootstrapping

Model

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SDF1SDF1

Language definition

Model

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SDF1SDF1VersioningLanguage definition

Model

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SDF1SDF1

Sig-gen : STR

Grammar : SDFSource artifacts

Model

59

SDF1SDF1

Sig-gen : STR

Grammar : SDF

SDF0 STR0 Language product

Model

60

SDF1SDF1

Sig-gen : STR

Grammar : SDF

SDF0 STR0 Language productBaseline: set of products

Model

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SDF1SDF1

Sig-gen : STR

Grammar : SDF

SDF0 STR0

Sig : STR Export artifacts

Model

62

SDF1SDF1

Sig-gen : STR

Grammar : SDF

SDF0 STR0

Sig : STR

Sig-gen : SDF ⇒ STR Export generators

Model

63

SDF1SDF1

Sig-gen : STR

Grammar : SDF

SDF0 STR0

Sig : STR

Sig-gen : SDF ⇒ STR

Dependency

Model

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SDF1SDF1

Sig-gen : STR

Grammar : SDF

SDF0 STR0

Sig : STR

Sig-gen : SDF ⇒ STR STR2Java :

STR ⇒ JAR

Compilation

SDF1

Sig-gen : STR

Grammar : SDF

SDF0 STR0

Sig : STR

Sig-gen : SDF ⇒ STR STR2Java :

STR ⇒ JAR

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SDF1Compile

Compilation

SDF1

Sig-gen : STR

Grammar : SDF

SDF0 STR0

Sig : STR

Sig-gen : SDF ⇒ STR STR2Java :

STR ⇒ JAR

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SDF1CompileGrammar : SDF

Compilation

SDF1

Sig-gen : STR

Grammar : SDF

SDF0 STR0

Sig : STR

Sig-gen : SDF ⇒ STR STR2Java :

STR ⇒ JAR

67

SDF1CompileGrammar : SDF

SDF0

Compilation

SDF1

Sig-gen : STR

Grammar : SDF

SDF0 STR0

Sig : STR

Sig-gen : SDF ⇒ STR STR2Java :

STR ⇒ JAR

68

SDF1CompileGrammar : SDF

SDF0

Sig-gen : SDF ⇒ STR

Compilation

SDF1

Sig-gen : STR

Grammar : SDF

SDF0 STR0

Sig : STR

Sig-gen : SDF ⇒ STR STR2Java :

STR ⇒ JAR

69

SDF1CompileGrammar : SDF

SDF0

Sig-gen : SDF ⇒ STR

Sig : STR

Compilation

SDF1

Sig-gen : STR

Grammar : SDF

SDF0 STR0

Sig : STR

Sig-gen : SDF ⇒ STR STR2Java :

STR ⇒ JAR

Sig : STR

SDF1Compile

70

Sig-gen : STR

Compilation

SDF1

Sig-gen : STR

Grammar : SDF

SDF0 STR0

Sig : STR

Sig-gen : SDF ⇒ STR STR2Java :

STR ⇒ JAR

Sig : STR

SDF1Compile

71

Sig-gen : STR

STR0

STR2Java : STR ⇒ JAR

Compilation

SDF1

Sig-gen : STR

Grammar : SDF

SDF0 STR0

Sig : STR

Sig-gen : SDF ⇒ STR STR2Java :

STR ⇒ JAR

Sig : STR

SDF1Compile

72

Sig-gen : STR

STR0

STR2Java : STR ⇒ JAR

SDF0

Sig : STR

Compilation

SDF1

Sig-gen : STR

Grammar : SDF

SDF0 STR0

Sig : STR

Sig-gen : SDF ⇒ STR STR2Java :

STR ⇒ JAR

Sig : STR

SDF1Compile

73

Sig-gen : STR

STR0

STR2Java : STR ⇒ JAR

SDF0

Sig : STR

Sig-gen : SDF ⇒ STR

Bootstrapping

Bootstrapping - inputs

Bootstrapping - inputs

76

STR0

SDF0*

Set of language definitions

Bootstrapping - inputs

77

STR0

SDF0*

STR0

SDF0

Baseline

Bootstrapping - inputs

78

STR0

SDF0*

STR0

SDF0

Baseline

Bootstrapping - inputs

79

STR0

SDF0*

STR0

SDF01

Version number

80

STR0

SDF0*

STR1

SDF1*

STR0

SDF0

Bootstrapping - first iteration

Apply version number

Bootstrapping - first iteration

81

STR0

SDF0*

STR1

SDF1* SDF1

STR1STR0

SDF0

Compile

Bootstrapping - first iteration

82

STR0

SDF0*

STR1

SDF1*

STR0SDF0

SDF1

STR1

Store baseline

Bootstrapping - first iteration

83

STR0

SDF0

STR0

SDF0*

STR1

SDF1*

STR0SDF0

STR1

SDF1

Use compiled products

Bootstrapping - first iteration

84

STR0

SDF0

STR0

SDF0*

STR1

SDF1*

STR0SDF0

STR1

SDF1

Use compiled products

Fixpoint Bootstrapping

85

STR0

SDF0

STR0

SDF0*

STR1

SDF1* SDF1

STR1

STR0SDF0

STR1

SDF1

Fixpoint Bootstrapping

86

STR0

SDF0

STR0

SDF0*

STR1

SDF1* SDF1

STR1

STR0SDF0

STR1

SDF1

STR0

SDF0

STR1

SDF1

STR1

SDF1

Binary comparison

Fixpoint Bootstrapping

87

STR0

SDF0

STR0

SDF0*

STR1

SDF1* SDF1

STR1

STR0SDF0

STR1

SDF1

STR0

SDF0

STR1

SDF1

STR1

SDF1

Binary comparison

STR1

SDF1

STR1

SDF1

Fixpoint Bootstrapping

88

STR0

SDF0

STR0

SDF0*

STR1

SDF1* SDF1

STR1

STR0SDF0

STR1

SDF1

STR0

SDF0

STR1

SDF1

STR1

SDF1

STR1

SDF1

STR1

SDF1

Binary comparison

Fixpoint Bootstrapping

89

STR0

SDF0

STR0

SDF0*

STR1

SDF1* SDF1

STR1

STR0SDF0

STR1

SDF1

STR0

SDF0

STR1

SDF1

STR1

SDF1

STR1

SDF1

STR1

SDF1

STR1SDF1

Fixpoint Bootstrapping

90

STR0

SDF0

STR0

SDF0*

STR1

SDF1* SDF1

STR0SDF0

STR1

SDF1

Found defects

Fixpoint Bootstrapping

91

STR0

SDF0*

STR1

SDF1*

STR0SDF0

Discard products

Fixpoint Bootstrapping

92

STR0

SDF0*

STR1

SDF1*

STR0

SDF0

Rollback

Fixpoint Bootstrapping

93

STR0

SDF0*

STR0

SDF0

Undo version changes

Fixpoint Bootstrapping

94

STR0

SDF0*

STR0

SDF0 SDF0*

Store error

STR0

SDF0

STR0

SDF0* SDF1

STR1

STR0SDF0

9595

General (language-parametric)

STR0

SDF0

STR0

SDF0* SDF1

STR1

STR0SDF0

9696

General (language-parametric)

Fully automated

97

-- Model for languages, language definitions with sources, and language products with artifacts and generators.

type Version = Int

type Lang = String

data LangID = LangID { name :: Lang, version :: Version }

data Artifact = Artifact { aname :: String, alang :: Lang, acontent :: String }

data LangDef = LangDef { dlang :: LangID, dsources :: [Artifact], dartDeps :: [LangID], dgenDeps :: [LangID] }

data Generator = Generator { gname :: String, gsource :: Lang, gtarget :: Lang, generate :: Artifact -> Artifact }

data LangProd = LangProd { plang :: LangID, partifacts :: [Artifact], pgenerators :: [Generator] }

type Baseline = [LangProd]

getProd :: LangID -> Baseline -> LangProd

getProd lang baseline = fromJust $ find (\prod -> lang == plang prod) baseline

-- Compile. Sort languages by generator source/target and run relevant generators against relevant artifacts.

compile :: LangDef -> Baseline -> LangProd

compile def baseline = createLangProd def (runGenerators sortedLangs generators inputs)

where inputs = dsources def ++ [ a | l <- dartDeps def, a <- partifacts (getProd l baseline) ]

generators = [ g | l <- dgenDeps def, g <- pgenerators (getProd l baseline) ]

sortedLangs = topsort [ l | LangID l _ <- dgenDeps def ] [ (gsource g,gtarget g) | g <- generators]

runGenerators :: [Lang] -> [Generator] -> [Artifact] -> [Artifact]

runGenerators [] gens inputs = inputs

runGenerators (lang:langs) gens inputs = runGenerators langs gens (inputs ++ runGeneratorsFor lang gens inputs)

runGeneratorsFor :: Lang -> [Generator] -> [Artifact] -> [Artifact]

runGeneratorsFor lang gens inputs = [ generate g a | g <- gens, a <- inputs, gsource g == lang, alang a == lang ]

createLangProd :: LangDef -> [Artifact] -> LangProd -- Implemented by the language workbench

-- Fixpoint bootstrap language definitions with a baseline. Update versions in the first iteration, then fixpoint.

bootstrap :: Version -> [LangDef] -> Baseline -> (Baseline, [LangDef])

bootstrap v defs baseline =

let firstBuild = [ compile (setVersion v def) baseline | def <- defs ] in

bootstrapFixpoint (prepareFixpoint v defs) firstBuild

bootstrapFixpoint :: [LangDef] -> Baseline -> (Baseline, [LangDef])

bootstrapFixpoint defs baseline =

let newBaseline = [ compile def baseline | def <- defs ] in

if baseline == newBaseline

then (newBaseline, defs)

else bootstrapFixpoint defs newBaseline

setVersion :: Version -> LangDef -> LangDef

setVersion v (LangDef (LangID l _) srcs gdeps adeps) = LangDef (LangID l v) srcs gdeps adeps

prepareFixpoint :: Version -> [LangDef] -> [LangDef]

prepareFixpoint v defs = [ prepareFixpointDef v bootstrappedLangs def | def <- defs ]

where bootstrappedLangs = [ l | LangDef (LangID l _) _ _ _ <- defs ]

prepareFixpointDef :: Version -> [Lang] -> LangDef -> LangDef

prepareFixpointDef v langs (LangDef (LangID l _) srcs adeps gdeps) =

LangDef (LangID l v) srcs [ updateDep v langs dep | dep <- adeps ] [ updateDep v langs dep | dep <- gdeps ]

updateDep :: Version -> [Lang] -> LangID -> LangID

updateDep v langs (LangID l vold) = if l �elem� langs then LangID l v else LangID l vold

Figure 2. Model for sound bootstrapping, with algorithms for compilation and fixpoint bootstrapping, encoded in Haskell.

3.3 Fixpoint Bootstrapping

We can now use compilation to define fixpoint bootstrapping.In general, there is no way to know how many bootstrappingiterations are required before it is safe to stop. Therefore, weiteratively bootstrap meta-languages until reaching a fixpoint.We define a general fixpoint bootstrapping algorithm usingthe model and compilation algorithm from above.

Function bootstrap takes the version of the new baseline,a list of meta-language definitions, and an existing baseline,and it produces a new baseline of the given version. The basicidea of the algorithm is to compile meta-language definitionsin iterations, until we reach a fixpoint. However, to avoidbuilding against the old baseline repeatedly, we have to updatethe versions of the language definitions in the first iteration.

6 2016/10/12

Source Code in our paper

55 lines of Haskell code

Model Compilation algorithm

Bootstrapping algorithm

Implementation

Implementation in Spoofax

99

Implementation in Spoofax

100

Implementation in Spoofax

101

Evaluation

103

Dynsem

NaBL2

TSNaBL

ESV

Stratego

SDF3

SDF2

Bootstrapped 8 of Spoofax’s

Meta-languagesDynsem

NaBL2

TSNaBL

ESV

Stratego

SDF3

SDF2

104

Dynsem

NaBL2

TSNaBL

ESV

Stratego

SDF3

SDF2

Bootstrapped 8 of Spoofax’s

Meta-languages

Complex dependencies

105

Dynsem

NaBL2

TSNaBL

ESV

Stratego

SDF3

SDF2

Bootstrapped 8 of Spoofax’s

Meta-languages

Complex dependencies

Results in paper and online

35

SDF STRSig-gen

PP-gen

Sig

Sig

PP

PP

Complex to bootstrap

Sig : STR

Sig : STR

PP : STR

PP : STR

Sig-gen : STR

PP-gen : STR

44

SDF STRSig-genPP-gen PP

Baseline

STR

PP

Iteration 1 SDF

Sig-genPP-gen*

Sig

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 2

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 3

SDF Sig

Sig-genPP-gen

Iteration 4

module; signatures/sorts/Sorts-sigsignatures; :; String ->; SortSort :; Sort ->; SymbolPSort :; Sort *; List(;Symbol); ->; Symbol

Defect found

35

SDF STRSig-gen

PP-gen

Sig

Sig

PP

PP

Complex to bootstrap

Sig : STR

Sig : STR

PP : STR

PP : STR

Sig-gen : STR

PP-gen : STR

44

SDF STRSig-genPP-gen PP

Baseline

STR

PP

Iteration 1 SDF

Sig-genPP-gen*

Sig

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 2

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 3

SDF Sig

Sig-genPP-gen

Iteration 4

module; signatures/sorts/Sorts-sigsignatures; :; String ->; SortSort :; Sort ->; SymbolPSort :; Sort *; List(;Symbol); ->; Symbol

Defect found

Compilation

SDF1

Sig-gen : STR

Grammar : SDF

SDF0 STR0

Sig : STR

Sig-gen : SDF ⇒ STR STR2Java :

STR ⇒ JAR

Sig : STR

SDF1Compile

71

Sig-gen : STR

STR0

STR2Java : STR ⇒ JAR

SDF0

Sig : STR

Sig-gen : SDF ⇒ STR

Fixpoint Bootstrapping

86

STR0

SDF0

STR0

SDF0*

STR1

SDF1* SDF1

STR1

STR0SDF0

STR1

SDF1

STR0

SDF0

STR1

SDF1

STR1

SDF1

STR1

SDF1

STR1

SDF1

STR1SDF1

35

SDF STRSig-gen

PP-gen

Sig

Sig

PP

PP

Complex to bootstrap

Sig : STR

Sig : STR

PP : STR

PP : STR

Sig-gen : STR

PP-gen : STR

44

SDF STRSig-genPP-gen PP

Baseline

STR

PP

Iteration 1 SDF

Sig-genPP-gen*

Sig

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 2

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 3

SDF Sig

Sig-genPP-gen

Iteration 4

module; signatures/sorts/Sorts-sigsignatures; :; String ->; SortSort :; Sort ->; SymbolPSort :; Sort *; List(;Symbol); ->; Symbol

Defect found

Compilation

SDF1

Sig-gen : STR

Grammar : SDF

SDF0 STR0

Sig : STR

Sig-gen : SDF ⇒ STR STR2Java :

STR ⇒ JAR

Sig : STR

SDF1Compile

71

Sig-gen : STR

STR0

STR2Java : STR ⇒ JAR

SDF0

Sig : STR

Sig-gen : SDF ⇒ STR

Fixpoint Bootstrapping

86

STR0

SDF0

STR0

SDF0*

STR1

SDF1* SDF1

STR1

STR0SDF0

STR1

SDF1

STR0

SDF0

STR1

SDF1

STR1

SDF1

STR1

SDF1

STR1

SDF1

STR1SDF1Implementation in Spoofax

99 104

Dynsem

NaBL2

TSNaBL

ESV

Stratego

SDF3

SDF2

Bootstrapped 8 of Spoofax’s

Meta-languages

Complex dependencies

7 changes

35

SDF STRSig-gen

PP-gen

Sig

Sig

PP

PP

Complex to bootstrap

Sig : STR

Sig : STR

PP : STR

PP : STR

Sig-gen : STR

PP-gen : STR

44

SDF STRSig-genPP-gen PP

Baseline

STR

PP

Iteration 1 SDF

Sig-genPP-gen*

Sig

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 2

SDF STRSig

Sig-genPP-gen PP

Iteration 3

SDF Sig

Sig-genPP-gen

Iteration 4

module; signatures/sorts/Sorts-sigsignatures; :; String ->; SortSort :; Sort ->; SymbolPSort :; Sort *; List(;Symbol); ->; Symbol

Defect found

Compilation

SDF1

Sig-gen : STR

Grammar : SDF

SDF0 STR0

Sig : STR

Sig-gen : SDF ⇒ STR STR2Java :

STR ⇒ JAR

Sig : STR

SDF1Compile

71

Sig-gen : STR

STR0

STR2Java : STR ⇒ JAR

SDF0

Sig : STR

Sig-gen : SDF ⇒ STR

Fixpoint Bootstrapping

86

STR0

SDF0

STR0

SDF0*

STR1

SDF1* SDF1

STR1

STR0SDF0

STR1

SDF1

STR0

SDF0

STR1

SDF1

STR1

SDF1

STR1

SDF1

STR1

SDF1

STR1SDF1Implementation in Spoofax

99 104

Dynsem

NaBL2

TSNaBL

ESV

Stratego

SDF3

SDF2

Bootstrapped 8 of Spoofax’s

Meta-languages

Complex dependencies

7 changes

Systematic Meta-Language Bootstrapping