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Movement in Animals
ANIMALS – FORMS AND FUNCTION
All living organisms are made up of tiny structure called cell.
Depending on the number of cell(s), organisms are either unicellular or multicellular.
Animals have different organ systems. Each organ system consists a number of
organs. Each organ is made up of tissues and each
tissue is made up of cells.
Organ system Major organs
1) Digestive system
2) Respiratory system
3) Nervous system
4) Circulatory system
5) Excretory system
6) Skeletal system
7) Muscular system
Mouth, food pipe, stomach, intestine, liver pancreas.
Nose, mouth, windpipe, lungs.
Brain, spinal cord, nerves.
Heart, blood vessels.
Kidneys, skin, bladder.
Bones.
muscles
All the organs help the body in carrying the important function of life.
BODY MOVEMENT All animals show movement. Movement help to distinguish between plants
and animals; animals show movement while plants don’t show any movement.
Animals move in different ways like walking, running, flying, crawling, and swimming. Different body parts are used in these acts of moving from one place to another.
EARTHWORMS An earthworm has a long tube-like body. The body is made up of many rings or
segments joined end to end. It has no bone. Muscles present in the body help the body to
elongate and shorten. The body shape is maintained by fluid
present inside the body such skeleton is called liquid skeleton.
EARTHWORMS During movement the earthworm first
extends the front part of the body keeping the remaining part of the body fixed to the ground. Then it fixes the front part and releases the rear part.
It then shorten the body and then pull the rear part forward
EARTHWORMS In the soil the body secretes a slimy
substance which help in movement. During movement the animal is able to keep
its grip on the ground because of the presence of a number of minutes hair like bristles on the under surface of the body.
The bristles are connected to the muscles.
SNAIL A snail is a very slow moving animal. Having
a rounded structure called shell on its back. The shell is outer skeleton and is not made up
of bones. It does not take part in movement from place
to place and cannot move by itself. Snail have a pair of tentacles which bear eyes
at the tips movement in the snail takes place by muscular organ called foot which produces a slimy fluid called mucus
SNAIL When the snail has to move its foot comes
out of the shell through an opening in the shell .
It produces the mucus so that the animal get a smooth surface to walk or crawl.
The muscular foot produces the series of wave like movements that help the animal to move forward the shell is dragged along with the foot.
FISH Fish lives in water. The shape of a fish is like boat it is narrow in
the front (head) and tail and broader in the middle.
This body shape is called streamlined fish has fins and tail which help in swimming
A streamlined body offers least resistance to the flow of water and allows the fish to move in water easily.
Special structures like fins and flexible back bone help in swimming of fish.
Fins provide stability and direction in swimming and prevent the body from rolling thus the fish can swim easily.
Following movement takes place during swimming:- Muscles make the front part curve to one side
and the tail part moves towards the opposite side.
Then the front part and the tail part quickly curve to the other side.
These movement produce a jerk and push the body forward a series of such quick jerks help the fish swim forward.
COCKROACH Cockroaches do not have bones and their
body is covered with hard outer skeleton called exoskeleton meaning skeleton present outside the body .
The cockroach walk, climb and fly in the air they have three pairs of legs which help in walking.
They also have two pairs of wings attached to the breast muscles that help in flying.
BIRDS Birds fly in the air and walk on the ground. Some birds like ducks and swan can swim in
water . birds possess number of features as follows
which help it in flying:- Streamlined body Bones are hollow and light which makes their
body light. They have wings flapping of wings provide
both thrust and lift Strong breast muscles help in flapping of
wings during flight
SNAKES They have long backbone as the body is long. They have many thin muscles connected to each other. Snakes moves very fast by crawling on their bellies special
structure called scales are present on their bodies this scales help in crawling during movement the body curves into many loops each loops gives the snakes a forward push .
Because of the formation of several loops the thrust given by the loops allows the snakes to move forward very fast in a wave like manner
MOVEMENT IN HUMAN BEINGS In human being two system take part in the
movement of different body parts. These two system are :-
1. The skeletal system2. The muscular system.
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Besides helping in movement the skeletal
system performs the following job:- It provides shape to body Provides framework which support the body
and keep it upright. It protect the soft internal organ like heart,
stomach and liver. Blood cells are made in the soft substance
bone marrow .present in the large bone
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM The skeletal system consist of bones and
cartilages. The bones are hard structure the cartilages
are soft and elastic and can be easily bend.. A cartilage can be easily be located in the
ear lobe and nose. The framework of the body formed by the
bones and cartilages is called the skeleton.
PARTS OF HUMAN SKELETAL The human skeletal consists of the bones of
the following four body parts:- Skull. Backbone or spine. Ribs. Limbs (hands and limbs).
SKULL The skull is made up of 22 bones . All bones
in the skull are fixed and joined except the lower jaw.
The lower jaw can be moved and it allows us to chew food and to talk.
Bones of the skull protect the brain from injury.
BACKBONE OR SPINE It is made up of 33 small bones called
vertebrae (the small bone that make up the back bone).
The ribcage is joined to these bones. The backbone protects the spinal cord. The backbone runs along our back starting
from the neck . It can be easily located in our body as a hard
bony structure if we run our hand along the centre of our back.
RIBS Ribs are thin , flat curved bones that forms a
protective cage around the organs like heart and lungs in our chest region.
This is called the ribcage. There are 12 ribs consisting of 24 bones
arranged in 12 pairs. The ribs are joined to the backbone at the
back.
LIMBS Human have two pairs of limbs- one pair of
fore limbs or upper limbs (arms) and the other pair of hind limbs or lower limbs (legs).
JOINTS AND MOVEMENTS The place where two or more bones are
joined together are called joints. The bones are held together at the joints by
strong structures called ligaments.
TYPES OF JOINTS There are 3 main types of joints in our body:-1. Immovable joints2. Slightly movable joints3. Freely movable joints
IMMOVABLE JOINTS These joints do not allow any movement. Examples :-1) The joints between the bones of skull.2) Joints between the upper jaw and the rest of
the head.3) Joints in the tooth sockets.
SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINTS These joints allow very little movement. Examples:- 1) Joints between adjacent vertebrae in the
backbone.2) Joints between the ribs and the breastbone.
FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS These joints allow free movement of the
bones in various direction. Example:- 1) Joints in elbow .2) Joints in knee.3) Joints in the shoulder.4) Joints in the neck.
FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS There are 4 major types of freely movable
joints.:-1) Ball and socket joint.2) Pivot joint.3) Hinge joint.4) Gliding joint.
BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS In this joint the ball like end of one bone fits
into a cup like cavity (socket) of the other bone.
This allows movement in all direction. Example:- 1) joint in hips.2) Joint in shoulder
PIVOT JOINTS Pivot joints allow rotation only. In this joint the rounded surface of the one
bone fits into a ring formed by the other bone, so that one bone is able to rotate over the other in a ring .
Example:-• Joint between the head and neck.
HINGE JOINT This joint allows movement in one direction
only similar to hinge of a door. Example:- 1) Elbow joint between the upper and the
lower arm.2) Knee joint between the thigh and lower leg.3) Wrist joint between the forearm and the
wrist
GLIDING JOINT This joint allows to glide over each other so
that side to side as well as backward and forward movement can take place .
Only slight movement takes place in this joint.
Example:- • Joint between the bones of the ankle
MUSCULAR SYSTEM Muscles are attached to the bones .this
makes it possible for the bones to move at the joints.
Muscular system consist of muscles these muscles help in movement.
Muscles have the property of contraction and relaxation.
It is this property of muscles which is responsible for the movement of bones.
When muscles make themselves shorter (contract) they pull on the bones and move them. Muscles cannot make themselves longer (relax) again on their own.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM They need another muscle closeby to stretch
them. This second muscle does this by shortening (contracting) itself.
The second muscle which stretches the first muscle (biceps) is called the triceps.
If you raise your hand you can feel the biceps getting shorter and harder. The triceps becomes longer and softer when you lower your hand your triceps becomes shorter and harder and biceps becomes longer and softer
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